Articles | Volume 2, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-181-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-181-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Mar 2021
Research article |
| 15 Mar 2021
| 15 Mar 2021
The importance of horizontal model resolution on simulated precipitation in Europe – from global to regional models
Gustav Strandberg
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Rossby Centre, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute,
SMHI, Norrköping, 602 19, Sweden
Bolin Centre for climate research, Stockholm University, Stockholm,
106 91, Sweden
Petter Lind
Rossby Centre, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute,
SMHI, Norrköping, 602 19, Sweden
Bolin Centre for climate research, Stockholm University, Stockholm,
106 91, Sweden
Department of meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91,
Sweden
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Cited
27 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Projected climate change in Fennoscandia – and its relation to ensemble spread and global trends G. Strandberg et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-185-2026
- Does Increasing Climate Model Horizontal Resolution Be Beneficial for the Mediterranean Region?: Multimodel Evaluation Framework for High‐Resolution Model Intercomparison Project A. Mishra et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037812
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- An impact-driven framework for climate model evaluation M. Elling et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-026-04157-w
- Scale-aware representation of aerosol activation and cloud droplet condensation processes to improve microphysical consistency across model resolutions Q. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2026.02.084
- Comparative analysis of extreme precipitation simulations over China by CMIP6 and CMIP5 models: similarities, differences, and uncertainty assessment X. Rao et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ae009b
- Projected changes in cross-equatorial northerly surges and their hydrological impacts in the near future S. Lubis et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01239-x
- Spatiotemporal dynamics of urban extreme heat under intensifying potential future heatwaves: Evidence from the Tokyo megalopolis D. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2026.102839
- Present and future European heat wave magnitudes: climatologies, trends, and their associated uncertainties in GCM-RCM model chains C. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1197-2022
- Projections of mean and extreme precipitation over China and their resolution dependence in the HighResMIP experiments J. Liang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.106932
- The Range of Projected Change in Vapour Pressure Deficit Through 2100: A Seasonal and Regional Analysis of the CMIP6 Ensemble J. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13070143
- Plant pathogen infection risk and climate change in the Nordic and Baltic countries G. Strandberg et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ad352a
- The benefits of increasing resolution in global and regional climate simulations for European climate extremes C. Iles et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5583-2020
- Past and future of the Arctic sea ice in High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP) climate models J. Selivanova et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2739-2024
- Crop water requirements forecasting for paddy under diverse global climate scenarios: the effect of climate change W. Wan Ahmad et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ae6f80
- Near‐Surface Hydrology and Soil Properties Drive Heterogeneity in Permafrost Distribution, Vegetation Dynamics, and Carbon Cycling in a Sub‐Arctic Watershed I. Shirley et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JG006864
- A Complete Density Correction using Normalizing Flows (CDC-NF) for CMIP6 GCMs S. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05478-8
- High-resolution projections of extreme heat and thermal stress in southeastern U.S. S. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2026.100878
- Borneo Vortices in a warmer climate J. Liang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00326-1
- Mid-Holocene European climate revisited: New high-resolution regional climate model simulations using pollen-based land-cover G. Strandberg et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107431
- Impact of horizontal resolution and model time step on European precipitation extremes in the OpenIFS 43r3 atmospheric model Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5435-2025
- Evaluating precipitation products for water resources hydrologic modeling over Germany S. Hammoudeh et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1548557
- Development of climate indices relevant for agriculture in Africa under different climate change scenarios based on GCM and RCM ensembles K. Ziegler et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad9f94
- Exploring the influence of improved horizontal resolution on extreme precipitation in Southern Africa major river basins: insights from CMIP6 HighResMIP simulations S. Samuel et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07325-9
- Climate change information over Fenno-Scandinavia produced with a convection-permitting climate model P. Lind et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06589-3
- Tropospheric cooling induces annual wet biases over China in CMIP6 models L. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07410-z
- Climate-relevant land cover composition and configuration trajectories in Europe M. Ferro et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adc8be
27 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Projected climate change in Fennoscandia – and its relation to ensemble spread and global trends G. Strandberg et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-185-2026
- Does Increasing Climate Model Horizontal Resolution Be Beneficial for the Mediterranean Region?: Multimodel Evaluation Framework for High‐Resolution Model Intercomparison Project A. Mishra et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037812
- Management of Madrasah Tsanawiyah's Marketing Mix Strategy in Increasing New Student Interest . Abdul Fatah et al. https://doi.org/10.25217/ji.v10i2.6539
- An impact-driven framework for climate model evaluation M. Elling et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-026-04157-w
- Scale-aware representation of aerosol activation and cloud droplet condensation processes to improve microphysical consistency across model resolutions Q. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2026.02.084
- Comparative analysis of extreme precipitation simulations over China by CMIP6 and CMIP5 models: similarities, differences, and uncertainty assessment X. Rao et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ae009b
- Projected changes in cross-equatorial northerly surges and their hydrological impacts in the near future S. Lubis et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01239-x
- Spatiotemporal dynamics of urban extreme heat under intensifying potential future heatwaves: Evidence from the Tokyo megalopolis D. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2026.102839
- Present and future European heat wave magnitudes: climatologies, trends, and their associated uncertainties in GCM-RCM model chains C. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1197-2022
- Projections of mean and extreme precipitation over China and their resolution dependence in the HighResMIP experiments J. Liang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.106932
- The Range of Projected Change in Vapour Pressure Deficit Through 2100: A Seasonal and Regional Analysis of the CMIP6 Ensemble J. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13070143
- Plant pathogen infection risk and climate change in the Nordic and Baltic countries G. Strandberg et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ad352a
- The benefits of increasing resolution in global and regional climate simulations for European climate extremes C. Iles et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5583-2020
- Past and future of the Arctic sea ice in High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP) climate models J. Selivanova et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2739-2024
- Crop water requirements forecasting for paddy under diverse global climate scenarios: the effect of climate change W. Wan Ahmad et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ae6f80
- Near‐Surface Hydrology and Soil Properties Drive Heterogeneity in Permafrost Distribution, Vegetation Dynamics, and Carbon Cycling in a Sub‐Arctic Watershed I. Shirley et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JG006864
- A Complete Density Correction using Normalizing Flows (CDC-NF) for CMIP6 GCMs S. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05478-8
- High-resolution projections of extreme heat and thermal stress in southeastern U.S. S. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2026.100878
- Borneo Vortices in a warmer climate J. Liang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00326-1
- Mid-Holocene European climate revisited: New high-resolution regional climate model simulations using pollen-based land-cover G. Strandberg et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107431
- Impact of horizontal resolution and model time step on European precipitation extremes in the OpenIFS 43r3 atmospheric model Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5435-2025
- Evaluating precipitation products for water resources hydrologic modeling over Germany S. Hammoudeh et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1548557
- Development of climate indices relevant for agriculture in Africa under different climate change scenarios based on GCM and RCM ensembles K. Ziegler et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad9f94
- Exploring the influence of improved horizontal resolution on extreme precipitation in Southern Africa major river basins: insights from CMIP6 HighResMIP simulations S. Samuel et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07325-9
- Climate change information over Fenno-Scandinavia produced with a convection-permitting climate model P. Lind et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06589-3
- Tropospheric cooling induces annual wet biases over China in CMIP6 models L. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07410-z
- Climate-relevant land cover composition and configuration trajectories in Europe M. Ferro et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adc8be
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 21 Jun 2026
Short summary
Precipitation is a key climate variable with a large impact on society but also difficult to simulate as it depends largely on temporal and spatial scales. We look here at the effect of model resolution on precipitation in Europe, from coarse-scale global model to small-scale regional models. Higher resolution improves simulated precipitation generally, but individual models may over- or underestimate precipitation even at higher resolution.
Precipitation is a key climate variable with a large impact on society but also difficult to...
