Weather and Climate Dynamics
Weather and Climate Dynamics
WCD
Articles | Volume 6, issue 4
Articles | Volume 6, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1195-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1195-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 6, issue 4
Research article
 | 
22 Oct 2025
Research article |  | 22 Oct 2025

The interaction of warm conveyor belt outflows with the upper-level waveguide: a four-type climatological classification

Selvakumar Vishnupriya, Michael Sprenger, Hanna Joos, and Heini Wernli

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Short summary
Extratropical cyclones feature rapidly ascending airstreams known as warm conveyor belts, which could influence upper-level flow dynamics. This study classifies interactions between warm conveyor belt outflows and the jet stream into four types: no interactions, ridges, blocks, and tropospheric cutoffs. We use reanalysis data to demonstrate that the interaction type depends on the structure of the ambient flow than on the outflow, improving our understanding of extratropical flow variability.
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