Dörnbrack, A., Eckermann, S. D., Williams, B. P., and Haggerty, J.: Stratospheric gravity waves excited by a propagating Rossby wave train – A DEEPWAVE case study, J. Atmos. Sci., 79, 567–591,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-21-0057.1, 2022.
a
Eichinger, R., Garny, H., Šácha, P., Danker, J., Dietmüller, S., and Oberländer-Hayn, S.: Effects of missing gravity waves on stratospheric dynamics; part 1: climatology, Clim. Dynam., 54, 3165–3183,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05166-w, 2020.
a,
b
Eichinger, R., Rhode, S., Garny, H., Preusse, P., Pisoft, P., Kuchař, A., Jöckel, P., Kerkweg, A., and Kern, B.: Emulating lateral gravity wave propagation in a global chemistry–climate model (EMAC v2.55.2) through horizontal flux redistribution, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5561–5583,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5561-2023, 2023.
a
Ern, M., Trinh, Q. T., Preusse, P., Gille, J. C., Mlynczak, M. G., Russell III, J. M., and Riese, M.: GRACILE: a comprehensive climatology of atmospheric gravity wave parameters based on satellite limb soundings, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 857–892,
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-857-2018, 2018.
a
Frederiksen, J. S. and Frederiksen, C. S.: Twentieth century winter changes in Southern Hemisphere synoptic weather modes, Adv. Meteorol., 2011, 353829,
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/353829, 2011.
a
Freie Universität Berlin: Die Quasi-Biennial-Oszillation (QBO) Datenreihe, Freie Universität Berlin [data set],
https://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/met/ag/strat/produkte/qbo/index.html (last access: September 2022), 2021. a
Fujiwara, M., Martineau, P., Wright, J. S., Abalos, M., Šácha, P., Kawatani, Y., Davis, S. M., Birner, T., and Monge-Sanz, B. M.: Climatology of the terms and variables of transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) equations from multiple reanalyses: MERRA-2, JRA-55, ERA-Interim, and CFSR, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7873–7898,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7873-2024, 2024.
a
Gisinger, S., Polichtchouk, I., Dörnbrack, A., Reichert, R., Kaifler, B., Kaifler, N., Rapp, M., and Sandu, I.: Gravity-wave-driven seasonal variability of temperature differences between ECMWF IFS and Rayleigh lidar measurements in the Lee of the Southern Andes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD036270,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD036270, 2022.
a
Gupta, A., Birner, T., Dörnbrack, A., and Polichtchouk, I.: Importance of gravity wave forcing for springtime southern polar vortex breakdown as revealed by ERA5, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL092762,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL092762, 2021.
a,
b
Gupta, A., Sheshadri, A., Alexander, M. J., and Birner, T.: Insights on lateral gravity wave propagation in the extratropical stratosphere from 44 years of ERA5 data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2024GL108541,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL108541, 2024.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: Complete ERA5 from 1940: Fifth generation of ECMWF atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Data Store (CDS) [data set], 10, data distribution by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ),
https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.143582cf, 2017.
a,
b
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N. : The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
a
Hoffmann, L., Xue, X., and Alexander, M.: A global view of stratospheric gravity wave hotspots located with Atmospheric Infrared Sounder observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 416–434,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018658, 2013.
a
Kalisch, S., Preusse, P., Ern, M., Eckermann, S. D., and Riese, M.: Differences in gravity wave drag between realistic oblique and assumed vertical propagation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 10–081,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021779, 2014.
a,
b
Kruse, C. G., Alexander, M. J., Hoffmann, L., van Niekerk, A., Polichtchouk, I., Bacmeister, J. T., Holt, L., Plougonven, R., Šácha, P., Wright, C., Sato, K., Shibuya, R., Gisinger, S., Ern, M., Meyer, C. I., and Stein, O.: Observed and modeled mountain waves from the surface to the mesosphere near the Drake Passage, J. Atmos. Sci., 79, 909–932,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-21-0252.1, 2022.
a,
b
Kuchar, A., Sacha, P., Eichinger, R., Jacobi, C., Pisoft, P., and Rieder, H. E.: On the intermittency of orographic gravity wave hotspots and its importance for middle atmosphere dynamics, Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 481–495,
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-481-2020, 2020.
a,
b,
c,
d
Lear, E. J., Wright, C. J., Hindley, N. P., Polichtchouk, I., and Hoffmann, L.: Comparing Gravity Waves in a Kilometer-Scale Run of the IFS to AIRS Satellite Observations and ERA5, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 129, e2023JD040097,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD040097, 2024.
a
Lee, S. H., Williams, P. D., and Frame, T. H.: Increased shear in the North Atlantic upper-level jet stream over the past four decades, Nature, 572, 639–642,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1465-z, 2019.
a
Li, Z., Wei, J., Bao, X., and Sun, Y. Q.: Intercomparison of tropospheric and stratospheric mesoscale kinetic energy resolved by the high-resolution global reanalysis datasets, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 149, 3738–3764,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4605, 2023.
a
Match, A. and Gerber, E. P.: Tropospheric expansion under global warming reduces tropical lower stratospheric ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL099463,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099463, 2022.
a
Nappo, C. J.: An introduction to atmospheric gravity waves, vol. 102, Academic press, ISBN 978-0-12-385223-6, 2012. a
NOAA Climate Prediction Center: Monthly mean NAO index since January 1950, NOAA Climate Prediction Center [data set],
https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/pna/nao.shtml (last access: September 2022), 2022. a
NOAA Physical Science Laboratory: Multivariate ENSO Index Version 2 (MEI.v2), NOAA Physical Science Laboratory [data set],
https://www.psl.noaa.gov/enso/mei/data/meiv2.data (last access: September 2022), 2022. a
Pahlavan, H. A., Wallace, J. M., and Fu, Q.: Characteristics of tropical convective gravity waves resolved by ERA5 reanalysis, J. Atmos. Sci., 80, 777–795,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-22-0057.1, 2023.
a,
b
Pahlavan, H. A., Wallace, J. M., Fu, Q., and Alexander, M. J.: Characteristics of gravity waves in opposing phases of the QBO: a reanalysis perspective with ERA5, J. Atmos. Sci., 81, 1579–1587,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-23-0165.1, 2024.
a
Pisoft, P., Sacha, P., Polvani, L. M., Añel, J. A., De La Torre, L., Eichinger, R., Foelsche, U., Huszar, P., Jacobi, C., Karlicky, J., Kuchar, A., Miksovsky, J., Zak, M., and Rieder, H. E.: Stratospheric contraction caused by increasing greenhouse gases, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 064038,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abfe2b, 2021.
a
Plougonven, R., de la Cámara, A., Hertzog, A., and Lott, F.: How does knowledge of atmospheric gravity waves guide their parameterizations?, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1529–1543,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3732, 2020.
a
Podglajen, A., Hertzog, A., Plougonven, R., and Legras, B.: Lagrangian gravity wave spectra in the lower stratosphere of current (re)analyses, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9331–9350,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9331-2020, 2020.
a
Polichtchouk, I., Wedi, N., and Kim, Y.-H.: Resolved gravity waves in the tropical stratosphere: Impact of horizontal resolution and deep convection parametrization, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 148, 233–251,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4202, 2022.
a
Procházková, Z., Kruse, C. G., Alexander, M. J., Hoffmann, L., Bacmeister, J. T., Holt, L., Wright, C., Sato, K., Gisinger, S., Ern, M., Geldenhuys, M., Preusse, P., and Šácha, P. : Sensitivity of mountain wave drag estimates on separation methods and proposed improvements, J. Atmos. Sci.,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-22-0151.1, 2023.
a,
b,
c,
d
Reichert, R., Kaifler, N., and Kaifler, B.: Limitations in wavelet analysis of non-stationary atmospheric gravity wave signatures in temperature profiles, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4659–4673,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4659-2024, 2024.
a
Rhode, S., Preusse, P., Ungermann, J., Polichtchouk, I., Sato, K., Watanabe, S., Ern, M., Nogai, K., Sinnhuber, B.-M., and Riese, M.: Global-scale gravity wave analysis methodology for the ESA Earth Explorer 11 candidate CAIRT, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5785–5819,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5785-2024, 2024.
a,
b
Richter, J. H., Anstey, J. A., Butchart, N., Kawatani, Y., Meehl, G. A., Osprey, S., and Simpson, I. R.: Progress in simulating the quasi-biennial oscillation in CMIP models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD032362,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032362, 2020.
a
Rõõm, R.: Nonhydrostatic adiabatic kernel for HIRLAM: Part I: fundamentals of nonhydrostatic dynamics in pressure-related coordinates, Tech. rep., Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute,
https://meteo.physic.ut.ee/~room/papers/kuni2004/nhkern1.pdf (last access: 2023), 2001. a
Šácha, P., Kuchař, A., Jacobi, C., and Pišoft, P.: Enhanced internal gravity wave activity and breaking over the northeastern Pacific–eastern Asian region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13097–13112,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13097-2015, 2015.
a
Šácha, P., Lilienthal, F., Jacobi, C., and Pišoft, P.: Influence of the spatial distribution of gravity wave activity on the middle atmospheric dynamics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15755–15775,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15755-2016, 2016.
a
Šácha, P., Miksovsky, J., and Pisoft, P.: Interannual variability in the gravity wave drag – vertical coupling and possible climate links, Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 647–661,
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-647-2018, 2018.
a,
b,
c,
d
Šácha, P., Kuchař, A., Eichinger, R., Pišoft, P., Jacobi, C., and Rieder, H. E.: Diverse Dynamical Response to Orographic Gravity Wave Drag Hotspots-A Zonal Mean Perspective, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, 1–11,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093305, 2021.
a
Šácha, P., Zajíček, R., Kuchař, A., Eichinger, R., and Pišoft, P.: Disentangling the advective Brewer-Dobson circulation change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2023GL105919,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL105919, 2024.
a
Sigmond, M., Anstey, J., Arora, V., Digby, R., Gillett, N., Kharin, V., Merryfield, W., Reader, C., Scinocca, J., Swart, N., Virgin, J., Abraham, C., Cole, J., Lambert, N., Lee, W.-S., Liang, Y., Malinina, E., Rieger, L., von Salzen, K., Seiler, C., Seinen, C., Shao, A., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Wang, L., and Yang, D.: Improvements in the Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM) through systematic model analysis: CanESM5.0 and CanESM5.1, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6553–6591,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6553-2023, 2023.
a
Simmons, A., Soci, C., Nicolas, J., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hersbach, H., Horányi, A., Inness, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Radu, R., and Schepers, D. : ERA5.1: Rerun of the Fifth generation of ECMWF atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate (2000–2006 only), Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Data Store (CDS) [data set], data distribution by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ),
https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.143582cf, 2020.
a
Simpson, I. R., Shepherd, T. G., and Sigmond, M.: Dynamics of the lower stratospheric circulation response to ENSO, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2537–2556,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-11-05.1, 2011.
a
Sun, Y. Q., Hassanzadeh, P., Alexander, M. J., and Kruse, C. G.: Quantifying 3D gravity wave drag in a library of tropical convection-permitting simulations for data-driven parameterizations, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 15, e2022MS003585,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003585, 2023.
a
Vasylkevych, S. and Žagar, N.: A high-accuracy global prognostic model for the simulation of Rossby and gravity wave dynamics, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 147, 1989–2007,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4006, 2021.
a
Voelker, G. S., Bölöni, G., Kim, Y.-H., Zängl, G., and Achatz, U.: MS-GWaM: A 3-dimensional transient gravity wave parametrization for atmospheric models, J. Atmos. Sci.,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-23-0153.1, 2024.
a
Wedi, N. P., Polichtchouk, I., Dueben, P., Anantharaj, V. G., Bauer, P., Boussetta, S., Browne, P., Deconinck, W., Gaudin, W., Hadade, I., Hatfield, S., Iffrig, O., Lopez, P., Maciel, P., Mueller, A., Saarinen, S., Sandu, I., Quintino, T., and Vitart, F. : A baseline for global weather and climate simulations at 1 km resolution, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 12, e2020MS002192,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002192, 2020.
a
Wei, J., Zhang, F., Richter, J. H., Alexander, M. J., and Sun, Y. Q.: Global distributions of tropospheric and stratospheric gravity wave momentum fluxes resolved by the 9-km ECMWF experiments, J. Atmos. Sci., 79, 2621–2644,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-21-0173.1, 2022.
a
Wright, C., Osprey, S., and Gille, J.: Global observations of gravity wave intermittency and its impact on the observed momentum flux morphology, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 10–980,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50869, 2013.
a
Xie, Z., Cholaw, B., Deng, Y., He, B., and Lai, S.: Intraseasonal transition of Northern Hemisphere planetary waves and the underlying mechanism during the abrupt-change period of early summer, Clim. Dynam., 1–15,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-06048-5, 2022.
a
Zhao, X., Sheng, Z., Shi, H., Weng, L., and He, Y.: Middle atmosphere temperature changes derived from SABER observations during 2002–20, J. Climate, 34, 7995–8012,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-1010.1, 2021.
a
