Articles | Volume 5, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-537-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-537-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Apr 2024
Research article |
| 19 Apr 2024
| 19 Apr 2024
Warm conveyor belt characteristics and impacts along the life cycle of extratropical cyclones: case studies and climatological analysis based on ERA5
Katharina Heitmann
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Michael Sprenger
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Hanin Binder
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Heini Wernli
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Hanna Joos
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Cited
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Transport of Biomass Burning Aerosol into the Extratropical Tropopause Region over Europe via Warm Conveyor Belt Uplift P. Joppe et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15077-2025
- Linking compound weather extremes to Mediterranean cyclones, fronts, and airstreams A. Portal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1043-2024
- Precipitation, moisture sources and transport pathways associated with summertime North Atlantic deep cyclones R. Stoffels et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1743-2025
- A Cold Frontal Life Cycle Climatology and Front–Cyclone Relationships Over the North Atlantic and Europe T. Lichtenegger et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8830
- Convective Environments Within Mediterranean Cyclones A. Portal et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.1302
- Case study of a long-lived Siberian summer cyclone that evolved from a heat low into an Arctic cyclone F. Schnyder et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1319-2025
- A quasi-Lagrangian perspective on the role of dry and moist processes in the formation of blocked North Atlantic–European weather regimes S. Hauser et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-937-2026
- Moisture transport axes: a unifying definition for tropical moisture exports, atmospheric rivers, and warm moist intrusions C. Spensberger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-431-2025
- Assessment of the origin of moisture for the precipitation of North Atlantic extratropical cyclones: Insights from downscaled ERA5 P. Coll-Hidalgo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108205
- Relating extratropical atmospheric heat transport to cyclone life cycle characteristics and numbers in Southern Hemispheric winter J. Zibell et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-659-2026
- Storm Boris (2024) in the current and future climate: a dynamics-centered contextualization, and some lessons learnt J. Riboldi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-65-2026
- The interaction of warm conveyor belt outflows with the upper-level waveguide: a four-type climatological classification S. Vishnupriya et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1195-2025
- An object-based and Lagrangian view on an intense hailstorm day in Switzerland as represented in COSMO-1E ensemble hindcast simulations K. Brennan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-645-2025
- Clear-air turbulence derived from in situ aircraft observation – a weather feature-based typology using ERA5 reanalysis M. Lee & M. Sprenger https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1583-2025
- The role of radiation in the Northern Hemisphere troposphere-to-stratosphere transport T. Müürsepp et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-547-2026
- A storm-relative climatology of compound hazards in Mediterranean cyclones R. Rousseau-Rizzi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1079-2024
- Projections of Australian low pressure systems in downscaled CMIP6 models A. Pepler et al. https://doi.org/10.1071/ES25025
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Transport of Biomass Burning Aerosol into the Extratropical Tropopause Region over Europe via Warm Conveyor Belt Uplift P. Joppe et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15077-2025
- Linking compound weather extremes to Mediterranean cyclones, fronts, and airstreams A. Portal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1043-2024
- Precipitation, moisture sources and transport pathways associated with summertime North Atlantic deep cyclones R. Stoffels et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1743-2025
- A Cold Frontal Life Cycle Climatology and Front–Cyclone Relationships Over the North Atlantic and Europe T. Lichtenegger et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8830
- Convective Environments Within Mediterranean Cyclones A. Portal et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.1302
- Case study of a long-lived Siberian summer cyclone that evolved from a heat low into an Arctic cyclone F. Schnyder et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1319-2025
- A quasi-Lagrangian perspective on the role of dry and moist processes in the formation of blocked North Atlantic–European weather regimes S. Hauser et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-937-2026
- Moisture transport axes: a unifying definition for tropical moisture exports, atmospheric rivers, and warm moist intrusions C. Spensberger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-431-2025
- Assessment of the origin of moisture for the precipitation of North Atlantic extratropical cyclones: Insights from downscaled ERA5 P. Coll-Hidalgo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108205
- Relating extratropical atmospheric heat transport to cyclone life cycle characteristics and numbers in Southern Hemispheric winter J. Zibell et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-659-2026
- Storm Boris (2024) in the current and future climate: a dynamics-centered contextualization, and some lessons learnt J. Riboldi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-65-2026
- The interaction of warm conveyor belt outflows with the upper-level waveguide: a four-type climatological classification S. Vishnupriya et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1195-2025
- An object-based and Lagrangian view on an intense hailstorm day in Switzerland as represented in COSMO-1E ensemble hindcast simulations K. Brennan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-645-2025
- Clear-air turbulence derived from in situ aircraft observation – a weather feature-based typology using ERA5 reanalysis M. Lee & M. Sprenger https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1583-2025
- The role of radiation in the Northern Hemisphere troposphere-to-stratosphere transport T. Müürsepp et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-547-2026
- A storm-relative climatology of compound hazards in Mediterranean cyclones R. Rousseau-Rizzi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1079-2024
- Projections of Australian low pressure systems in downscaled CMIP6 models A. Pepler et al. https://doi.org/10.1071/ES25025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 08 Jul 2026
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are coherently ascending air streams that occur in extratropical cyclones where they form precipitation and often affect the large-scale flow. We quantified the key characteristics and impacts of WCBs and linked them to different phases in the cyclone life cycle and to different WCB branches. A climatology of these metrics revealed that WCBs are most intense during cyclone intensification and that the cyclonic and anticyclonic WCB branches show distinct differences.
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are coherently ascending air streams that occur in extratropical...
