Articles | Volume 7, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-2171-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-2171-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The moisture mode-to-gravity wave spectrum as a framework to define tropical weather systems
Muhamad Reyhan Respati
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
ARC Centre of Excellence for the Weather of the 21st Century, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
School of Earth, Atmosphere, and Environment, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, 16680, Indonesia
Martin S. Singh
ARC Centre of Excellence for the Weather of the 21st Century, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
School of Earth, Atmosphere, and Environment, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
Christian Jakob
ARC Centre of Excellence for the Weather of the 21st Century, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
School of Earth, Atmosphere, and Environment, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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Dongqi Lin, Martin S. Singh, Yi-Xian Li, and Annabel J. Bowden
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4291, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4291, 2026
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Heavy tropical rainfall can occur in two different ways: as intense local downpours or as deluges spread across a wide area. Using 20 years of radar observations from Darwin, Australia, and a simple theoretical model, we show that these two forms of heavy rain occur in different atmospheric conditions. This helps to better understand the spatial characteristics of rainfall and provides a way to better assess weather and climate models.
Benjamin Hernandez, Martin S. Singh, Takanobu Yamaguchi, Graham Feingold, and Franziska Glassmeier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 9337–9356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9337-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9337-2026, 2026
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Using detailed numerical simulations, we quantify how stratocumulus cloud decks dissipate energy and produce entropy. We find that entropy production is dominated by irreversible moist processes and is much smaller than in deeper convective clouds. As a result, stratocumulus are remarkably inefficient at converting available energy into atmospheric motions.
Corey Robinson, Sugata Narsey, Bethan White, Chermelle Engel, Paul Gregory, and Christian Jakob
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3451, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3451, 2026
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Heavy rainfall can occur when tropical moisture is transported into the higher latitudes. We analyse a case study of a cyclone near New Zealand in January 2018 in which both the tropics and extratropics affect each other, leading to severe wind and rainfall. A key finding is that the strength of both the cyclone and the downstream anticyclone are strongly linked to the heat produced within clouds.
Lucinda A. Palmer and Martin S. Singh
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 1565–1582, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1565-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1565-2025, 2025
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This study investigates the relationship between stability and humidity in the tropical troposphere in global climate models. We develop a method for quantifying the relationship and find varying relationships that are similar or even opposite to observations. We theorise that measures of intense thunderstorms and humid heatwaves are influenced by the stability-humidity relationship. Models that have a relationship like observations project greater increases in these measures under warming.
Corey Robinson, Sugata Narsey, Christian Jakob, and Hanh Nguyen
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 369–385, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-369-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-369-2025, 2025
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Rainfall in the tropics is strongly related to the amount of moisture in the atmosphere. In this work, we examine a measure of moisture called the “moist margin”, which describes a transition between rainy and clear regions of the tropics. We show that movement of the moist margin is often related to a variety of weather systems. Cases where tropical moisture moves far poleward are often related to low-pressure systems or large-scale waves in the extratropics.
Franciscus Liqui Lung, Christian Jakob, A. Pier Siebesma, and Fredrik Jansson
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4053–4076, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4053-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4053-2024, 2024
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Traditionally, high-resolution atmospheric models employ periodic boundary conditions, which limit simulations to domains without horizontal variations. In this research open boundary conditions are developed to replace the periodic boundary conditions. The implementation is tested in a controlled setup, and the results show minimal disturbances. Using these boundary conditions, high-resolution models can be forced by a coarser model to study atmospheric phenomena in realistic background states.
Bjorn Stevens, Stefan Adami, Tariq Ali, Hartwig Anzt, Zafer Aslan, Sabine Attinger, Jaana Bäck, Johanna Baehr, Peter Bauer, Natacha Bernier, Bob Bishop, Hendryk Bockelmann, Sandrine Bony, Guy Brasseur, David N. Bresch, Sean Breyer, Gilbert Brunet, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Junji Cao, Christelle Castet, Yafang Cheng, Ayantika Dey Choudhury, Deborah Coen, Susanne Crewell, Atish Dabholkar, Qing Dai, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Dale Durran, Ayoub El Gaidi, Charlie Ewen, Eleftheria Exarchou, Veronika Eyring, Florencia Falkinhoff, David Farrell, Piers M. Forster, Ariane Frassoni, Claudia Frauen, Oliver Fuhrer, Shahzad Gani, Edwin Gerber, Debra Goldfarb, Jens Grieger, Nicolas Gruber, Wilco Hazeleger, Rolf Herken, Chris Hewitt, Torsten Hoefler, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Daniela Jacob, Alexandra Jahn, Christian Jakob, Thomas Jung, Christopher Kadow, In-Sik Kang, Sarah Kang, Karthik Kashinath, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, Daniel Klocke, Uta Kloenne, Milan Klöwer, Chihiro Kodama, Stefan Kollet, Tobias Kölling, Jenni Kontkanen, Steve Kopp, Michal Koran, Markku Kulmala, Hanna Lappalainen, Fakhria Latifi, Bryan Lawrence, June Yi Lee, Quentin Lejeun, Christian Lessig, Chao Li, Thomas Lippert, Jürg Luterbacher, Pekka Manninen, Jochem Marotzke, Satoshi Matsouoka, Charlotte Merchant, Peter Messmer, Gero Michel, Kristel Michielsen, Tomoki Miyakawa, Jens Müller, Ramsha Munir, Sandeep Narayanasetti, Ousmane Ndiaye, Carlos Nobre, Achim Oberg, Riko Oki, Tuba Özkan-Haller, Tim Palmer, Stan Posey, Andreas Prein, Odessa Primus, Mike Pritchard, Julie Pullen, Dian Putrasahan, Johannes Quaas, Krishnan Raghavan, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Markus Rapp, Florian Rauser, Markus Reichstein, Aromar Revi, Sonakshi Saluja, Masaki Satoh, Vera Schemann, Sebastian Schemm, Christina Schnadt Poberaj, Thomas Schulthess, Cath Senior, Jagadish Shukla, Manmeet Singh, Julia Slingo, Adam Sobel, Silvina Solman, Jenna Spitzer, Philip Stier, Thomas Stocker, Sarah Strock, Hang Su, Petteri Taalas, John Taylor, Susann Tegtmeier, Georg Teutsch, Adrian Tompkins, Uwe Ulbrich, Pier-Luigi Vidale, Chien-Ming Wu, Hao Xu, Najibullah Zaki, Laure Zanna, Tianjun Zhou, and Florian Ziemen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2113–2122, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, 2024
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To manage Earth in the Anthropocene, new tools, new institutions, and new forms of international cooperation will be required. Earth Virtualization Engines is proposed as an international federation of centers of excellence to empower all people to respond to the immense and urgent challenges posed by climate change.
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Short summary
Unlike in the extratropics, there is no standard way to classify tropical weather systems. We introduce a new classification based on how fast a system moves and the relative importance of moisture and buoyancy in its driving mechanisms. We find that systems for which moisture is a key driver contribute up to 75 % of extreme rainfall in certain areas. This new model provides a much-needed "roadmap" for scientists to understand how tropical dynamics and rainfall are connected across the globe.
Unlike in the extratropics, there is no standard way to classify tropical weather systems. We...
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