Articles | Volume 7, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-2171-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-2171-2026
Research article
 | 
06 Nov 2026
Research article |  | 06 Nov 2026

The moisture mode-to-gravity wave spectrum as a framework to define tropical weather systems

Muhamad Reyhan Respati, Martin S. Singh, and Christian Jakob

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Cited articles

Adames, Á. F.: The Basic Equations under Weak Temperature Gradient Balance: Formulation, Scaling, and Types of Convectively Coupled Motions, J. Atmos. Sci., 79, 2087–2108, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-21-0215.1, 2022. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v
Adames, Á. F. and Kim, D.: The MJO as a Dispersive, Convectively Coupled Moisture Wave: Theory and Observations, J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 913–941, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0170.1, 2016. a, b
Adames, Á. F. and Maloney, E. D.: Moisture Mode Theory's Contribution to Advances in our Understanding of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and Other Tropical Disturbances, Curr. Clim. Change Rep., 7, 72–85, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-021-00172-4, 2021. a
Adames, Á. F. and Ming, Y.: Interactions between Water Vapor and Potential Vorticity in Synoptic-Scale Monsoonal Disturbances: Moisture Vortex Instability, J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 2083–2106, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0310.1, 2018. a, b, c
Adames, Á. F., Kim, D., Clark, S. K., Ming, Y., and Inoue, K.: Scale Analysis of Moist Thermodynamics in a Simple Model and the Relationship between Moisture Modes and Gravity Waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 76, 3863–3881, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0121.1, 2019. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h
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Short summary
Unlike in the extratropics, there is no standard way to classify tropical weather systems. We introduce a new classification based on how fast a system moves and the relative importance of moisture and buoyancy in its driving mechanisms. We find that systems for which moisture is a key driver contribute up to 75 % of extreme rainfall in certain areas. This new model provides a much-needed "roadmap" for scientists to understand how tropical dynamics and rainfall are connected across the globe.
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