Articles | Volume 7, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-1051-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-1051-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Jun 2026
Research article |
| 25 Jun 2026
| 25 Jun 2026
Impact, drivers and pathways of two Arctic atmospheric rivers in April 2020
Luisa E. Avilés-Podgurski
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Patrick Martineau
Application Laboratory, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
Ayako Yamamoto
College of Environmental Studies, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
Amanda C. Maycock
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Andrew Orr
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
Tony Phillips
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
Thomas J. Bracegirdle
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
Anna E. Hogg
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Grzegorz Muszynski
School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Andrew Fleming
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
Related authors
No articles found.
Mae E. Evans, Anna E. Hogg, Trystan Surawy-Stepney, Benjamin J. Wallis, Ross A. W. Slater, and Richard Rigby
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5527, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5527, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how 66 glaciers in central and southeast Greenland changed speed over the last decade using satellite observations. Most glaciers sped up between 2016 and 2020, with some more than doubling their speed, before slowing down after 2020. The timing coincided with unusually warm ocean water and reduced sea ice. We show that glacier speed changes in this region were larger and more widespread than previously reported, highlighting how sensitive this region is to environmental change.
Ewa M. Bednarz, Amy H. Butler, James M. Haywood, Matthew Henry, Andy Jones, Ben Kravitz, Walker R. Lee, Douglas G. MacMartin, Amanda C. Maycock, Takashi Sekiya, Shingo Watanabe, and Daniele Visioni
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 12751–12770, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-12751-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-12751-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
An assessment of the potential impacts of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection, a proposed method to offset global warming, on stratospheric ozone projections over the 21st century using the new multi-model GeoMIP (Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project) G6-1.5K-SAI (Stratospheric Aerosol Injection) experiment. We discuss drivers of the responses, identify areas of model agreement and disagreement and sources of uncertainty. Our results highlight the need to assess any projected SAI impacts in wider strategy and scenario dimension using a multi-model framework.
Sai Prabala Swetha Chittella, Andrew Orr, Pranab Deb, and Quentin Dalaiden
The Cryosphere, 20, 5005–5023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-5005-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-5005-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme precipitation is a major contributor to total precipitation over Antarctica and its variability. We examined changes in total and extreme precipitation from 1979 to 2023 using reanalysis data and large climate model simulations. Significant increases were found across parts of East Antarctica, with external forcings contributing to these trends. Greenhouse gases and stratospheric ozone were identified as important drivers of precipitation increases in East Antarctica.
Isabelle F. M. White, Oana Dragomir, Alessandro Silvano, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Anna E. Hogg, Pierre Dutrieux, Laura Herraiz-Borreguero, and Jennifer Cocks
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4414, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4414, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth Observation (EO).
Short summary
Short summary
We present a 22-year sea surface height product in the ice-covered Southern Ocean from Envisat and CryoSat-2 satellite altimetry data. Our product is 1° longitude by 0.5° latitude from 50° S to the Antarctic coast. Validation with in-situ, independent satellite and reanalysis data shows it captures seasonal and interannual variability. This supports long-term study of large-scale sea level trends and processes in the Southern Ocean, a region that is observing rapid sea ice and ice sheet melting.
Reinhard K. H. Schiemann, Grenville Lister, Rosalyn Hatcher, Dan Hodson, Bryan Lawrence, Len Shaffrey, Jeff Cole, Andrea Dittus, Jenny Mecking, Jon Robson, Simon Wilson, Yevgeny Aksenov, Adam T. Blaker, Ben Harvey, Oscar Martínez-Alvarado, Annette Osprey, Stephanie Rynders, Sharar Ahmadi, Jake Aylmer, Laura Baker, David Case, Emanuele Silvio Gentile, Steve George, Kevin Hodges, Eliza Karlowska, Charlotte Lang, Hua Lu, Niamh O'Callaghan, Weronika Osmolska, Scott Osprey, Tony Phillips, David Schröder, Robin Smith, Andrew G. Turner, Steve Woolnough, Martin Andrews, Andrew Coward, Steven Hardiman, James Harle, John W. Rostron, David M. H. Sexton, Bablu Sinha, Jonny Williams, and Chris Wilson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2281, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2281, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new large ensemble of climate model simulations: The CANARI HadGEM3 Large Ensemble (CANARI LE). The CANARI LE has a comparatively high resolution, provides sub-daily output on atmospheric pressure levels, and boundary conditions for driving regional model simulations. The CANARI LE is thus a community resource that lends itself for the study of physical coupled climate processes, weather systems, and impacts in a changing climate.
Benjamin J. Davison, Andrew J. Sole, Gregoire Guillet, Douglas I. Benn, Jonathan Kingslake, Jeremy C. Ely, Stephen J. Livingstone, Christopher D. Stringer, Jonathan L. Carrivick, and Anna E. Hogg
The Cryosphere, 20, 4293–4311, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-4293-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-4293-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Some glaciers flow slowly for many years before dramatically accelerating. This is usually a sign of a surge. Theory and observations suggest that surges occur in certain climates. The Antarctic Peninsula has such a climate yet only one surge has been observed there. We present detailed observations of three glaciers that surged recently. We explore how climate change over the past hundred years, and projected climate change up to 2150, has and will affect surging behaviour on the Peninsula.
Patrick Martineau, Hidehiro Fujio, Ingo Richter, Ayako Yamamoto, and Masami Nonaka
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-434, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-434, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The Weather Extremes Archive (WEXA) provides global data on persistent heat waves and cold spells from 1979 to the present. Events are defined using temperature thresholds that vary by season and location. The dataset tracks the movement, size, and intensity of these events over time and is publicly available for analysis.
Yvonne Anderson, Amanda C. Maycock, Juliane Schwendike, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, Simon A. Josey, and Doug M. Smith
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4140, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4140, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study assessed how well climate models represent relationships between the North Atlantic ocean and atmosphere in autumn and winter. While models simulate observed relationships in autumn and winter, they fail to capture them in the transition between seasons. The results suggest the link between autumn sea surface temperatures and the winter atmosphere is driven mainly by atmospheric rather than ocean processes, highlighting important model biases that may limit seasonal forecast skill.
Yikai Zhu, Anna E. Hogg, Benjamin J. Wallis, Ross A. W. Slater, and Oliver J. Marsh
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3795, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3795, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite measurements are widely used to monitor how fast Antarctic ice is flowing, but the rise and fall of ocean tides can make the ice appear to move faster or slower than it really does. We developed a new way to remove this effect using satellite observations alone and applied it across all Antarctic ice shelves. The corrected measurements provide a more reliable picture of ice movement, improving studies of ice-sheet change and future sea-level rise.
Ian Simpson, Edward Hanna, Ryan S. Williams, Linh Luu, Andrew Orr, Julie Jones, Xavier Fettweis, Jose Abraham Torres Alavez, Ole Bøssing Christensen, Ella Gilbert, Sid Gumber, Christoph Kittel, Sihan Li, Damien Maure, Ruth Mottram, Tony Phillips, Willem Jan van de Berg, and Kristiina Verro
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2270, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2270, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The warming trend in global temperatures has potential to result in accelerated break up of the Antarctic ice shelves, which would contribute to rising sea levels. Here we present a novel database of Antarctic extreme weather events over a selection of the Antarctic ice shelves. We examine air temperature, precipitation, wind and surface pressure. In addition, we examine trends in the frequency of extreme events and the links with weather patterns around Antarctica.
Harry J. Davis, Robert G. Bingham, Carlos Martín, Elizabeth R. Thomas, Andrew S. Hein, and Anna E. Hogg
The Cryosphere, 20, 2735–2756, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2735-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2735-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Ice in the southern Antarctic Peninsula is experiencing major ice changes today and predicting the rate at which this may continue is important. One way to address this knowledge gap would be to retrieve a past climate record from an ice core. We identify a suitable site using a model constrained by radar and shallow ice core data. We find a climate record spanning the Holocene can certainly be extracted here, but a potential continuous climate record here could extend back ~ 30 000 years.
Amanda C. Maycock, Christine M. McKenna, Matthew D. K. Priestley, Jacob Perez, Zhuo Li, and Julia F. Lockwood
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2051–2064, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-2051-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-2051-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Winter North Atlantic storms cause significant financial losses and damage in Europe. This study shows that modes of seasonal large-scale climate variability called the North Atlantic Oscillation and East Atlantic Pattern modulate the exposure to cyclone related extreme wind, precipitation and storm surge hazards across many parts of Europe. The results have the potential to be combined with skilful seasonal climate forecasts of climate modes to inform the insurance sector.
Robin S. Smith, Tarkan A. Bilge, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, Paul R. Holland, Till Kuhlbrodt, Charlotte Lang, Spencer Liddicoat, Tom Mitcham, Jane Mulcahy, Kaitlin A. Naughten, Andrew Orr, Julien Palmieri, Antony J. Payne, Steven Rumbold, Marc Stringer, Ranjini Swaminathan, Sarah Taylor, Jeremy Walton, and Colin Jones
Earth Syst. Dynam., 17, 475–493, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-475-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-475-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
There is a dangerous amount of uncertainty in our predictions of climate change in polar regions because some of feedbacks that might lead to changes that are too rapid for us to adapt to, or that cannot be reversed. We have run a set of simulations with a state-of-the-art Earth System Model that helps improve our understanding of how climate in these regions might change. Some of the aspects we investigate are reversible but many are not, especially those affecting ice sheets and sea level.
Ella Gilbert, José Abraham Torres-Alavez, Marte G. Hofsteenge, Willem Jan van de Berg, Fredrik Boberg, Ole Bøssing Christensen, Christiaan Timo van Dalum, Xavier Fettweis, Siddharth Gumber, Nicolaj Hansen, Christoph Kittel, Clara Lambin, Damien Maure, Ruth Mottram, Martin Olesen, Andrew Orr, Tony Phillips, Maurice van Tiggelen, Kristiina Verro, and Priscilla A. Mooney
The Cryosphere, 20, 2629–2658, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2629-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2629-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a new dataset – the PolarRES ensemble – of four state-of-the-art regional climate models, which capture the full complexity of Antarctica's climate. The ensemble out-performs other available tools, advancing our ability to explore Antarctic climate. While it still has limitations, the PolarRES ensemble offers a novel and exciting way of evaluating climate processes and features, and we encourage researchers to use the data, which are freely available.
Marta Abalos, Thomas Birner, Andreas Chrysanthou, Sean Davis, Alvaro de la Cámara, Sandip Dhomse, Hella Garny, Michaela I. Hegglin, Daan Hubert, Oksana Ivaniha, James Keeble, Marianna Linz, Daniele Minganti, Jessica Neu, David Plummer, Laura Saunders, Kasturi Shah, Gabriele Stiller, Kleareti Tourpali, Darryn Waugh, Nathan Luke Abraham, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Patrick Jöckel, Béatrice Josse, Marion Marchand, Patrick Martineau, Olaf Morgenstern, Timofei Sukhodolov, Shingo Watanabe, and Yousuke Yamashita
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 5249–5291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5249-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5249-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate representation of stratospheric transport in Chemistry-Climate Models is essential for reliable climate projections. This study evaluates three generations of models using observational data and reanalyses, identifying persistent biases and their potential causes. Some biases persist or even worsen in newer models. These findings highlight key limitations and inform efforts to improve models and advance understanding through process-based studies and enhanced observations.
William J. Dow, Amanda C. Maycock, Andrew N. Ross, Ryan S. Williams, and Thomas J. Bracegirdle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1179, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1179, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to advance understanding of the atmospheric drivers of extreme warm days across the Antarctic Peninsula during summer. We find that these days are linked to a range of large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. Using a statistical method, we grouped similar events and compared their wind, temperature and pressure features, showing clear differences spatially and temporally. Understanding these dynamics improves understanding of the processes that drive these extreme events.
Isabelle Sangha, Nathan Luke Abraham, Andrew Orr, Hua Lu, Michael C. Pitts, Lamont R. Poole, and Michael Weimer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-128, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-128, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The UK Earth System Model is updated with an improved polar stratospheric cloud scheme. The performance of the scheme is evaluated against satellite data. While the observed wave ice still fails to form in the model, the scheme improves its ability to represent different polar stratospheric cloud types and their variations. This brings the model closer to satellite observations and highlights the need for further development to capture the polar stratospheric cloud formation in mountain waves.
Archie Cable, Thomas Caton Harrison, Elizabeth Kent, Richard Cornes, and Thomas J. Bracegirdle
Weather Clim. Dynam., 7, 247–262, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-247-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-247-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Winds around the Antarctic coast have global importance. With influences from competing drivers, their structure is complex so it is hard to understand how they will change in the future. We develop a simple measure that identifies key features in the coastal winds, including their northern extent. Using climate models, we analyse future projections of this boundary and find that it will shift polewards, shrinking the Antarctic coastal wind region.
Ben R. Evans, Alan R. Lowe, Anna Crawford, Andrew Fleming, and J. Scott Hosking
The Cryosphere, 20, 467–482, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-467-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-467-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Icebergs account for about half of the freshwater lost from Antarctica. Because they can drift for long periods of time and across great distances, it is hard to know where in the oceans that water ends up, yet this is crucially important for ocean circulations and the global climate. We have developed a digital tool that can help us to understand the dynamics and effects of icebergs by recognizing them through time and doing “jigsaw puzzles” to reconstruct their family trees when they break apart.
Yavor Kostov, Paul R. Holland, Kelly A. Hogan, James A. Smith, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Pierre Mathiot, Anna Olivé Abelló, Andrew H. Fleming, and Andrew J. S. Meijers
The Cryosphere, 20, 135–169, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-135-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-135-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Icebergs ground when they reach shallow topography such as Bear Ridge in the Amundsen Sea. Grounded icebergs can block the transport of sea-ice and create areas of higher and lower sea-ice concentration. We introduce a physically and observationally motivated representation of grounding in an ocean model. In addition, we improve the way simulated icebergs respond to winds, ocean currents, and density differences in sea water. We analyse the forces acting on freely floating and grounded icebergs.
Hamish D. Pritchard, Edward C. King, David J. Goodger, Douglas Boyle, Daniel N. Goldberg, Beatriz Recinos, Andrew Orr, and Dhananjay Regmi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 199–217, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-199-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-199-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new and uniquely extensive dataset of glacier thickness from the Khumbu Himal around Mount Everest that stretches for 119 km, doubling the extent of thickness measurements in High Mountain Asia. Such measurements are key inputs for models that estimate how much ice is stored on the whole mountain range scale and for models that predict how this ice reserve will change in future, and what impact this will have on water supply for the large populations living downstream.
Sarah Leibrock, Ross A. W. Slater, Anna E. Hogg, and Celia A. Baumhoer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5492, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5492, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Using satellite data from 2013 to 2024, we studied 42 Antarctic Peninsula glaciers and observed widespread but spatially heterogeneous retreat and ice flow acceleration, with some glaciers more than doubling in speed. In addition to these long-term trends, glacier dynamics exhibited significant seasonal variability, underscoring the highly dynamic nature of glaciers in this region driven by a combination of glacier-specific and environmental factors.
Trystan Surawy-Stepney, Stephen L. Cornford, and Anna E. Hogg
The Cryosphere, 19, 5531–5545, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5531-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5531-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The speed at which Antarctic ice flows is dependent on its viscosity and the slipperiness of the ice/bedrock interface. Often, these unknown variables are inferred from observations of ice speed. This article presents an attempt to make this difficult procedure easier by making use of additional information in the form of observations of crevasses, which make ice appear less viscous to numerical models. We find in some circumstances that this leads to more appealing solutions to this problem.
Katie Lowery, Pierre Dutrieux, Paul R. Holland, Anna E. Hogg, Noel Gourmelen, and Benjamin J. Wallis
The Cryosphere, 19, 4893–4911, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4893-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4893-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using CryoSat-2, we observe monthly changes in the Pine Island Glacier (PIG) ice shelf surface and derive oceanic melt at its base. Basal channels, kilometres wide, are reflected in the ice surface and captured in our observations. We demonstrate that melt is concentrated on the western walls of channels, that channels play a role in grounding pinning points, and that PIG's main channel geometry is inherited upstream of the grounding line. These results highlight the importance of channels to ice shelf stability.
Weronika Osmolska, Charles Chemel, Amanda Maycock, and Paul Field
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 1221–1240, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1221-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1221-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme cold temperatures have widespread impacts on health, agriculture, infrastructures and the economy. We develop for the first time a methodology to build a catalogue of cold spell events, tracked in space and time. This catalogue is used to examine the behaviour of cold spells and its climatology. The results reveal specific pathways through which cold air affect midlatitudes.
Yikai Zhu, Anna E. Hogg, Andrew Hooper, and Benjamin J. Wallis
The Cryosphere, 19, 3971–3989, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3971-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3971-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the long- and short-term changes in the grounding line of the Amery Ice Shelf in East Antarctica, using satellite observations and a method called Differential Range Offset Tracking (DROT). Our findings show how the grounding line behaves in response to tides and other environmental factors, with implications for understanding ice shelf stability.
Jennifer Cocks, Alessandro Silvano, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Oana Dragomir, Noémie Schifano, Anna E. Hogg, and Alice Marzocchi
Ocean Sci., 21, 1609–1625, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1609-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1609-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Heat and freshwater fluxes in the Southern Ocean mediate global ocean circulation and abyssal ventilation. These fluxes manifest as changes in steric height: sea level anomalies from changes in ocean density. We compute the steric height anomaly of the Southern Ocean using satellite data and validate it against in situ observations. We analyse trends and variability in steric height, drawing links to climate variability, and discuss the effectiveness of the method, highlighting issues with its application.
Marc Girona-Mata, Andrew Orr, Martin Widmann, Daniel Bannister, Ghulam Hussain Dars, Scott Hosking, Jesse Norris, David Ocio, Tony Phillips, Jakob Steiner, and Richard E. Turner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 3073–3100, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3073-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3073-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a novel method for improving daily precipitation maps in mountain regions and pilot it across three basins in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH). The approach leverages climate model and weather station data, along with statistical or machine learning techniques. Our results show that this approach outperforms traditional methods, especially in remote ungauged areas, suggesting that it could be used to improve precipitation maps across much of the HKH, as well as other mountain regions.
Benjamin J. Davison, Anna E. Hogg, Thomas Slater, Richard Rigby, and Nicolaj Hansen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3259–3281, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3259-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3259-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Grounding line discharge is a measure of the amount of ice entering the ocean from an ice mass. This paper describes a dataset of grounding line discharge for the Antarctic Ice Sheet and each of its glaciers. The dataset shows that Antarctic Ice Sheet grounding line discharge has increased since 1996.
Yvonne Anderson, Jacob Perez, and Amanda C. Maycock
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 595–608, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-595-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-595-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of Arctic sea ice loss on the North Atlantic jet stream is debated, with some linking changes to ice loss and others to natural variability. This study uses a new method to explore how future sea ice loss will affect the jet stream. In half of the models, the jet shifts equatorward, but its speed and tilt are unchanged. Some models also exhibit more jet splitting. The results suggest that future sea ice loss is unlikely to significantly weaken the jet stream or make it more variable.
Heather L. Selley, Anna E. Hogg, Benjamin J. Davison, Pierre Dutrieux, and Thomas Slater
The Cryosphere, 19, 1725–1738, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1725-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1725-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We used satellite observations to measure recent changes in ice speed and flow direction in the Pope, Smith, and Kohler region of West Antarctica (2005–2022). We found substantial speed-up on seven ice streams of up to 87 %. However, Kohler West Glacier has slowed by 10 %, due to the redirection of ice flow into its rapidly thinning neighbour. This process of “ice piracy” has not previously been directly observed on this rapid timescale and may influence future ice shelf and sheet mass changes.
Ella Gilbert, Denis Pishniak, José Abraham Torres, Andrew Orr, Michelle Maclennan, Nander Wever, and Kristiina Verro
The Cryosphere, 19, 597–618, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-597-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-597-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use three sophisticated climate models to examine extreme precipitation in a critical region of West Antarctica. We found that rainfall probably occurred during the two cases we examined and that it was generated by the interaction of air with steep topography. Our results show that kilometre-scale models are useful tools for exploring extreme precipitation in this region and that more observations of rainfall are needed.
Caroline R. Holmes, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, Paul R. Holland, Julienne Stroeve, and Jeremy Wilkinson
The Cryosphere, 18, 5641–5652, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5641-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5641-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Until recently, satellite data showed an increase in Antarctic sea ice area since 1979, but climate models simulated a decrease over this period. This mismatch was one reason for low confidence in model projections of 21st-century sea ice loss. We show that following low Antarctic sea ice in 2022 and 2023, we can no longer conclude that modelled and observed trends differ. However, differences in the manner of the decline mean that model sea ice projections should still be viewed with caution.
Kenza Tazi, Andrew Orr, Javier Hernandez-González, Scott Hosking, and Richard E. Turner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4903–4925, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work aims to improve the understanding of precipitation patterns in High-mountain Asia, a crucial water source for around 1.9 billion people. Through a novel machine learning method, we generate high-resolution precipitation predictions, including the likelihoods of floods and droughts. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, our method is simpler to implement and more suitable for small datasets. The method also shows accuracy comparable to or better than existing benchmark datasets.
Colin G. Jones, Fanny Adloff, Ben B. B. Booth, Peter M. Cox, Veronika Eyring, Pierre Friedlingstein, Katja Frieler, Helene T. Hewitt, Hazel A. Jeffery, Sylvie Joussaume, Torben Koenigk, Bryan N. Lawrence, Eleanor O'Rourke, Malcolm J. Roberts, Benjamin M. Sanderson, Roland Séférian, Samuel Somot, Pier Luigi Vidale, Detlef van Vuuren, Mario Acosta, Mats Bentsen, Raffaele Bernardello, Richard Betts, Ed Blockley, Julien Boé, Tom Bracegirdle, Pascale Braconnot, Victor Brovkin, Carlo Buontempo, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Markus Donat, Italo Epicoco, Pete Falloon, Sandro Fiore, Thomas Frölicher, Neven S. Fučkar, Matthew J. Gidden, Helge F. Goessling, Rune Grand Graversen, Silvio Gualdi, José M. Gutiérrez, Tatiana Ilyina, Daniela Jacob, Chris D. Jones, Martin Juckes, Elizabeth Kendon, Erik Kjellström, Reto Knutti, Jason Lowe, Matthew Mizielinski, Paola Nassisi, Michael Obersteiner, Pierre Regnier, Romain Roehrig, David Salas y Mélia, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Michael Schulz, Enrico Scoccimarro, Laurent Terray, Hannes Thiemann, Richard A. Wood, Shuting Yang, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 1319–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1319-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1319-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a number of priority areas for the international climate research community to address over the coming decade. Advances in these areas will both increase our understanding of past and future Earth system change, including the societal and environmental impacts of this change, and deliver significantly improved scientific support to international climate policy, such as future IPCC assessments and the UNFCCC Global Stocktake.
Benjamin J. Wallis, Anna E. Hogg, Yikai Zhu, and Andrew Hooper
The Cryosphere, 18, 4723–4742, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4723-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4723-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The grounding line, where ice begins to float, is an essential variable to understand ice dynamics, but in some locations it can be challenging to measure with established techniques. Using satellite data and a new method, Wallis et al. measure the grounding line position of glaciers and ice shelves in the Antarctic Peninsula and find retreats of up to 16.3 km have occurred since the last time measurements were made in the 1990s.
Jacob Perez, Amanda C. Maycock, Stephen D. Griffiths, Steven C. Hardiman, and Christine M. McKenna
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 1061–1078, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1061-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1061-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses existing methods for identifying the position and tilt of the North Atlantic eddy-driven jet, proposing a new feature-based approach. The new method overcomes limitations of other methods, offering a more robust characterisation. Contrary to prior findings, the distribution of daily latitudes shows no distinct multi-modal structure, challenging the notion of preferred jet stream latitudes or regimes. This research enhances our understanding of North Atlantic dynamics.
Xavier J. Levine, Ryan S. Williams, Gareth Marshall, Andrew Orr, Lise Seland Graff, Dörthe Handorf, Alexey Karpechko, Raphael Köhler, René R. Wijngaard, Nadine Johnston, Hanna Lee, Lars Nieradzik, and Priscilla A. Mooney
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 1161–1177, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1161-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1161-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
While the most recent climate projections agree that the Arctic is warming, differences remain in how much and in other climate variables such as precipitation. This presents a challenge for stakeholders who need to develop mitigation and adaptation strategies. We tackle this problem by using the storyline approach to generate four plausible and actionable realisations of end-of-century climate change for the Arctic, spanning its most likely range of variability.
Rémy Bonnet, Christine M. McKenna, and Amanda C. Maycock
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 913–926, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-913-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-913-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models underestimate multidecadal winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) variability. Understanding the origin of this weak variability is important for making reliable climate projections. We use multi-model climate simulations to explore statistical relationships with drivers that may contribute to NAO variability. We find a relationship between modelled stratosphere–troposphere coupling and multidecadal NAO variability, offering an avenue to improve the simulation of NAO variability.
Benjamin J. Davison, Anna E. Hogg, Carlos Moffat, Michael P. Meredith, and Benjamin J. Wallis
The Cryosphere, 18, 3237–3251, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3237-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3237-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using a new dataset of ice motion, we observed glacier acceleration on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The speed-up began around January 2021, but some glaciers sped up earlier or later. Using a combination of ship-based ocean temperature observations and climate models, we show that the speed-up coincided with a period of unusually warm air and ocean temperatures in the region.
Masatomo Fujiwara, Patrick Martineau, Jonathon S. Wright, Marta Abalos, Petr Šácha, Yoshio Kawatani, Sean M. Davis, Thomas Birner, and Beatriz M. Monge-Sanz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7873–7898, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7873-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7873-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A climatology of the major variables and terms of the transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) momentum and thermodynamic equations from four global atmospheric reanalyses is evaluated. The spread among reanalysis TEM momentum balance terms is around 10 % in Northern Hemisphere winter and up to 50 % in Southern Hemisphere winter. The largest uncertainties in the thermodynamic equation (about 50 %) are in the vertical advection, which does not show a structure consistent with the differences in heating.
Nicolaj Hansen, Andrew Orr, Xun Zou, Fredrik Boberg, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, Ella Gilbert, Peter L. Langen, Matthew A. Lazzara, Ruth Mottram, Tony Phillips, Ruth Price, Sebastian B. Simonsen, and Stuart Webster
The Cryosphere, 18, 2897–2916, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2897-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2897-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated a melt event over the Ross Ice Shelf. We use regional climate models and a firn model to simulate the melt and compare the results with satellite data. We find that the firn model aligned well with observed melt days in certain parts of the ice shelf. The firn model had challenges accurately simulating the melt extent in the western sector. We identified potential reasons for these discrepancies, pointing to limitations in the models related to representing the cloud properties.
Trystan Surawy-Stepney, Anna E. Hogg, Stephen L. Cornford, Benjamin J. Wallis, Benjamin J. Davison, Heather L. Selley, Ross A. W. Slater, Elise K. Lie, Livia Jakob, Andrew Ridout, Noel Gourmelen, Bryony I. D. Freer, Sally F. Wilson, and Andrew Shepherd
The Cryosphere, 18, 977–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-977-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-977-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we use satellite observations and an ice flow model to quantify the impact of sea ice buttressing on ice streams on the Antarctic Peninsula. The evacuation of 11-year-old landfast sea ice in the Larsen B embayment on the East Antarctic Peninsula in January 2022 was closely followed by major changes in the calving behaviour and acceleration (30 %) of the ocean-terminating glaciers. Our results show that sea ice buttressing had a negligible direct role in the observed dynamic changes.
William J. Dow, Christine M. McKenna, Manoj M. Joshi, Adam T. Blaker, Richard Rigby, and Amanda C. Maycock
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 357–367, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-357-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-357-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Changes to sea surface temperatures in the extratropical North Pacific are driven partly by patterns of local atmospheric circulation, such as the Aleutian Low. We show that an intensification of the Aleutian Low could contribute to small changes in temperatures across the equatorial Pacific via the initiation of two mechanisms. The effect, although significant, is unlikely to explain fully the recently observed multi-year shift of a pattern of climate variability across the wider Pacific.
Qinggang Gao, Louise C. Sime, Alison J. McLaren, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, Emilie Capron, Rachael H. Rhodes, Hans Christian Steen-Larsen, Xiaoxu Shi, and Martin Werner
The Cryosphere, 18, 683–703, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-683-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-683-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic precipitation is a crucial component of the climate system. Its spatio-temporal variability impacts sea level changes and the interpretation of water isotope measurements in ice cores. To better understand its climatic drivers, we developed water tracers in an atmospheric model to identify moisture source conditions from which precipitation originates. We find that mid-latitude surface winds exert an important control on moisture availability for Antarctic precipitation.
Patrick Martineau, Swadhin K. Behera, Masami Nonaka, Hisashi Nakamura, and Yu Kosaka
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The representation of subweekly near-surface temperature variability trends over the Southern Hemisphere landmasses is compared across multiple atmospheric reanalyses. It is found that there is generally a good agreement concerning the positive trends affecting South Africa and Australia in the spring, and South America in the summer. A more efficient generation of subweekly temperature variance by horizontal temperature fluxes contributes to the observed rise.
Trystan Surawy-Stepney, Anna E. Hogg, Stephen L. Cornford, and David C. Hogg
The Cryosphere, 17, 4421–4445, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4421-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4421-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The presence of crevasses in Antarctica influences how the ice sheet behaves. It is important, therefore, to collect data on the spatial distribution of crevasses and how they are changing. We present a method of mapping crevasses from satellite radar imagery and apply it to 7.5 years of images, covering Antarctica's floating and grounded ice. We develop a method of measuring change in the density of crevasses and quantify increased fracturing in important parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Bryony I. D. Freer, Oliver J. Marsh, Anna E. Hogg, Helen Amanda Fricker, and Laurie Padman
The Cryosphere, 17, 4079–4101, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4079-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4079-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a method using ICESat-2 data to measure how Antarctic grounding lines (GLs) migrate across the tide cycle. At an ice plain on the Ronne Ice Shelf we observe 15 km of tidal GL migration, the largest reported distance in Antarctica, dominating any signal of long-term migration. We identify four distinct migration modes, which provide both observational support for models of tidal ice flexure and GL migration and insights into ice shelf–ocean–subglacial interactions in grounding zones.
Christopher D. Wells, Lawrence S. Jackson, Amanda C. Maycock, and Piers M. Forster
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 817–834, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-817-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-817-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
There are many possibilities for future emissions, with different impacts in different places. Complex models can study these impacts but take a long time to run, even on powerful computers. Simple methods can be used to reduce this time by estimating the complex model output, but these are not perfect. This study looks at the accuracy of one of these techniques, showing that there are limitations to its use, especially for low-emission future scenarios.
Julia R. Andreasen, Anna E. Hogg, and Heather L. Selley
The Cryosphere, 17, 2059–2072, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2059-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2059-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
There are few long-term, high spatial resolution observations of ice shelf change in Antarctica over the past 3 decades. In this study, we use high spatial resolution observations to map the annual calving front location on 34 ice shelves around Antarctica from 2009 to 2019 using satellite data. The results provide a comprehensive assessment of ice front migration across Antarctica over the last decade.
Paul R. Holland, Gemma K. O'Connor, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, Pierre Dutrieux, Kaitlin A. Naughten, Eric J. Steig, David P. Schneider, Adrian Jenkins, and James A. Smith
The Cryosphere, 16, 5085–5105, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-5085-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-5085-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Antarctic Ice Sheet is losing ice, causing sea-level rise. However, it is not known whether human-induced climate change has contributed to this ice loss. In this study, we use evidence from climate models and palaeoclimate measurements (e.g. ice cores) to suggest that the ice loss was triggered by natural climate variations but is now sustained by human-forced climate change. This implies that future greenhouse-gas emissions may influence sea-level rise from Antarctica.
Thomas Caton Harrison, Stavroula Biri, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, John C. King, Elizabeth C. Kent, Étienne Vignon, and John Turner
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 1415–1437, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1415-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1415-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Easterly winds encircle Antarctica, impacting sea ice and helping drive ocean currents which shield ice shelves from warmer waters. Reanalysis datasets give us our most complete picture of how these winds behave. In this paper we use satellite data, surface measurements and weather balloons to test how realistic recent reanalysis estimates are. The winds are generally accurate, especially in the most recent of the datasets, but important short-term variations are often misrepresented.
Jeremy Carter, Amber Leeson, Andrew Orr, Christoph Kittel, and J. Melchior van Wessem
The Cryosphere, 16, 3815–3841, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3815-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3815-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models provide valuable information for studying processes such as the collapse of ice shelves over Antarctica which impact estimates of sea level rise. This paper examines variability across climate simulations over Antarctica for fields including snowfall, temperature and melt. Significant systematic differences between outputs are found, occurring at both large and fine spatial scales across Antarctica. Results are important for future impact assessments and model development.
Nicolaj Hansen, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Fredrik Boberg, Christoph Kittel, Andrew Orr, Niels Souverijns, J. Melchior van Wessem, and Ruth Mottram
The Cryosphere, 16, 711–718, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-711-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-711-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of different ice masks when modelling surface mass balance over Antarctica. We used ice masks and data from five of the most used regional climate models and a common mask. We see large disagreement between the ice masks, which has a large impact on the surface mass balance, especially around the Antarctic Peninsula and some of the largest glaciers. We suggest a solution for creating a new, up-to-date, high-resolution ice mask that can be used in Antarctic modelling.
Martin Horwath, Benjamin D. Gutknecht, Anny Cazenave, Hindumathi Kulaiappan Palanisamy, Florence Marti, Ben Marzeion, Frank Paul, Raymond Le Bris, Anna E. Hogg, Inès Otosaka, Andrew Shepherd, Petra Döll, Denise Cáceres, Hannes Müller Schmied, Johnny A. Johannessen, Jan Even Øie Nilsen, Roshin P. Raj, René Forsberg, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Valentina R. Barletta, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Per Knudsen, Ole Baltazar Andersen, Heidi Ranndal, Stine K. Rose, Christopher J. Merchant, Claire R. Macintosh, Karina von Schuckmann, Kristin Novotny, Andreas Groh, Marco Restano, and Jérôme Benveniste
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 411–447, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-411-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-411-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Global mean sea-level change observed from 1993 to 2016 (mean rate of 3.05 mm yr−1) matches the combined effect of changes in water density (thermal expansion) and ocean mass. Ocean-mass change has been assessed through the contributions from glaciers, ice sheets, and land water storage or directly from satellite data since 2003. Our budget assessments of linear trends and monthly anomalies utilise new datasets and uncertainty characterisations developed within ESA's Climate Change Initiative.
Cited articles
Barrett, A. P., Stroeve, J. C., and Serreze, M. C.: Arctic Ocean Precipitation From Atmospheric Reanalyses and Comparisons With North Pole Drifting Station Records, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015415, 2020. a
Binder, H., Boettcher, M., Grams, C. M., Joos, H., Pfahl, S., and Wernli, H.: Exceptional Air Mass Transport and Dynamical Drivers of an Extreme Wintertime Arctic Warm Event, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 12028–12036, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075841, 2017. a, b
Bintanja, R. and Selten, F. M.: Future increases in Arctic precipitation linked to local evaporation and sea-ice retreat, Nature, 509, 479–482, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13259, 2014. a
Boisvert, L. N., Petty, A. A., and Stroeve, J. C.: The Impact of the Extreme Winter 2015/16 Arctic Cyclone on the Barents–Kara Seas, Mon. Weather Rev., 144, 4279–4287, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0234.1, 2016. a
Bonne, J. L., Steen-Larsen, H. C., Risi, C., Werner, M., Sodemann, H., Lacour, J. L., Fettweis, X., Cesana, G., Delmotte, M., Cattani, O., Vallelonga, P., Kjær, H. A., Clerbaux, C., Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Á. E., and Masson-Delmotte, V.: The summer 2012 Greenland heat wave: In situ and remote sensing observations of water vapor isotopic composition during an atmospheric river event, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 2970–2989, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022602, 2015. a
Box, J. E., Wehrlé, A., van As, D., Fausto, R. S., Kjeldsen, K. K., Dachauer, A., Ahlstrøm, A. P., and Picard, G.: Greenland Ice Sheet Rainfall, Heat and Albedo Feedback Impacts From the Mid-August 2021 Atmospheric River, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097356, 2022. a
Cast, Z. I., Serreze, M. C., Cassano, E. N., and Barrett, A. P.: Seasonal characteristics and trends in precipitation partitioning in the Arctic, The Cryosphere, 20, 2127–2141, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2127-2026, 2026. a
Ciavarella, A., Cotterill, D., Stott, P., Kew, S., Philip, S., van Oldenborgh, G. J., Skålevåg, A., Lorenz, P., Robin, Y., Otto, F., Hauser, M., Seneviratne, S. I., Lehner, F., and Zolina, O.: Prolonged Siberian heat of 2020 almost impossible without human influence, Climatic Change, 166, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03052-w, 2021. a
Clemens-Sewall, D., Cox, C., Schulz, K., Raphael, I., Persson, O., Shupe, M., and Smith, M.: Merged Datasets for the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) Central Observatory in the Arctic Ocean (2019-2020) version 2, Arctic Data Center, https://doi.org/10.18739/A2WD3Q35Z, 2025. a, b
Copernicus Climate Change Service: Complete ERA5 global atmospheric reanalysis, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.143582cf, 2023. a, b
Cox, C., Gallagher, M., Shupe, M., Persson, O., Blomquist, B., Grachev, A., Riihimaki, L., Kutchenreiter, M., Morris, V., Solomon, A., Brooks, I., Costa, D., Gottas, D., Hutchings, J., Osborn, J., Morris, S., Preusser, A., and Uttal, T.: Met City meteorological and surface flux measurements (Level 3 Final), Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), central Arctic, October 2019–September 2020, Arctic Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.18739/A2PV6B83F, 2023a. a, b
Cox, C. J., Gallagher, M. R., Shupe, M. D., Persson, P. O. G., Solomon, A., Fairall, C. W., Ayers, T., Blomquist, B., Brooks, I. M., Costa, D., Grachev, A., Gottas, D., Hutchings, J. K., Kutchenreiter, M., Leach, J., Morris, S. M., Morris, V., Osborn, J., Pezoa, S., Preußer, A., Riihimaki, L. D., and Uttal, T.: Continuous observations of the surface energy budget and meteorology over the Arctic sea ice during MOSAiC, Scientific Data, 10, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02415-5, 2023b. a
Cullather, R. I., Lim, Y. K., Boisvert, L. N., Brucker, L., Lee, J. N., and Nowicki, S. M.: Analysis of the warmest Arctic winter, 2015–2016, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 10808–10816, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071228, 2016. a, b, c
Dacre, H. F., Clark, P. A., Martinez-Alvarado, O., Stringer, M. A., and Lavers, D. A.: How do atmospheric rivers form?, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 1243–1255, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00031.1, 2015. a
Dada, L., Angot, H., Beck, I., Baccarini, A., Quéléver, L. L., Boyer, M., Laurila, T., Brasseur, Z., Jozef, G., de Boer, G., Shupe, M. D., Henning, S., Bucci, S., Dütsch, M., Stohl, A., Petäjä, T., Daellenbach, K. R., Jokinen, T., and Schmale, J.: A central arctic extreme aerosol event triggered by a warm air-mass intrusion, Nat. Commun., 13, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32872-2, 2022. a, b
Davis, C. A. and Emanuel, K. A.: Potential Vorticity Diagnostics of Cyclogenesis, Mon. Weather Rev., 119, 1929–1953, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1929:PVDOC>2.0.CO;2, 1991. a
Doyle, J. G., Lesins, G., Thackray, C. P., Perro, C., Nott, G. J., Duck, T. J., Damoah, R., and Drummond, J. R.: Water vapor intrusions into the High Arctic during winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047493, 2011. a, b, c, d
Gloege, L., Kornhuber, K., Skulovich, O., Pal, I., Zhou, S., Ciais, P., and Gentine, P.: Land-Atmosphere Cascade Fueled the 2020 Siberian Heatwave, AGU Advances, 3, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV000619, 2022. a, b
Gong, Z., Zhong, L., Hua, L., and Feng, J.: The role of atmospheric rivers and associated circulation patterns in the Arctic warming in boreal winter, Int. J. Climatol., 44, 2124–2138, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8444, 2024. a
Gong, Z., Zhong, L., Hua, L., and Feng, J.: Dynamic and Thermodynamic Impacts of Atmospheric Rivers on Sea Ice Thickness in the Arctic since 2000, J. Climate, 38, 2873–2890, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0509.1, 2025. a, b, c
Gorodetskaya, I. V., Tsukernik, M., Claes, K., Ralph, M. F., Neff, W. D., and Van Lipzig, N. P.: The role of atmospheric rivers in anomalous snow accumulation in East Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 6199–6206, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060881, 2014. a
Graham, R. M., Cohen, L., Ritzhaupt, N., Segger, B., Graversen, R. G., Rinke, A., Walden, V. P., Granskog, M. A., and Hudson, S. R.: Evaluation of six atmospheric reanalyses over Arctic sea ice from winter to early summer, J. Climate, 32, 4121–4143, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0643.1, 2019. a
Graversen, R. G., Mauritsen, T., Drijfhout, S., Tjernström, M., and Mårtensson, S.: Warm winds from the Pacific caused extensive Arctic sea-ice melt in summer 2007, Clim. Dynam., 36, 2103–2112, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0809-z, 2011. a, b
Guan, B.: [Data] Global Atmospheric Rivers Database, Version 4, UCLA Dataverse [data set], https://doi.org/10.25346/S6/ZSW7UN, 2024. a, b
Guan, B. and Waliser, D. E.: Detection of atmospheric rivers: Evaluation and application of an algorithm for global studies, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 12514–12535, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024257, 2015. a, b, c
Guan, B. and Waliser, D. E.: A regionally refined quarter-degree global atmospheric rivers database based on ERA5, Scientific Data, 11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03258-4, 2024. a, b, c
Hao, M., Luo, Y., Lin, Y., Zhao, Z., Wang, L., and Huang, J.: Contribution of atmospheric moisture transport to winter Arctic warming, Int. J. Climatol., 39, 2697–2710, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5982, 2019. a
Hegyi, B. M. and Taylor, P. C.: The Unprecedented 2016–2017 Arctic Sea Ice Growth Season: The Crucial Role of Atmospheric Rivers and Longwave Fluxes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 5204–5212, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017GL076717, 2018. a, b, c, d
Hermann, M., Papritz, L., and Wernli, H.: A Lagrangian analysis of the dynamical and thermodynamic drivers of large-scale Greenland melt events during 1979–2017, Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 497–518, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-497-2020, 2020. a
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J. N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020. a, b
Hoskins, B. J., McIntyre, M. E., and Robertson, A. W.: On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 877–946, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711147002, 1985. a
Iijima, Y., Nakamura, T., Park, H., Tachibana, Y., and Fedorov, A. N.: Enhancement of Arctic storm activity in relation to permafrost degradation in eastern Siberia, Int. J. Climatol., 36, 4265–4275, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4629, 2016. a
Kirbus, B., Tiedeck, S., Camplani, A., Chylik, J., Crewell, S., Dahlke, S., Ebell, K., Gorodetskaya, I., Griesche, H., Handorf, D., Höschel, I., Lauer, M., Neggers, R., Rückert, J., Shupe, M. D., Spreen, G., Walbröl, A., Wendisch, M., and Rinke, A.: Surface impacts and associated mechanisms of a moisture intrusion into the Arctic observed in mid-April 2020 during MOSAiC, Frontiers in Earth Science, 11, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1147848, 2023. a, b, c, d, e
Kolbe, M., Bintanja, R., van der Linden, E. C., and Cordero, R. R.: Vertical structure and surface impact of atmospheric rivers reaching antarctic sea ice and land, Atmos. Res., 315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107841, 2025. a
Komatsu, K. K., Alexeev, V. A., Repina, I. A., and Tachibana, Y.: Poleward upgliding Siberian atmospheric rivers over sea ice heat up Arctic upper air, Scientific Reports, 8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21159-6, 2018. a
Li, L., Cannon, F., Mazloff, M. R., Subramanian, A. C., Wilson, A. M., and Ralph, F. M.: Impact of atmospheric rivers on Arctic sea ice variations, The Cryosphere, 18, 121–137, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-121-2024, 2024. a, b, c
Liu, C. and Barnes, E. A.: Extrememoisture transport into the Arctic linked to Rossby wave breaking, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 3774–3788, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022796, 2015. a, b
Loeb, N. A., Crawford, A., Herrington, A., McCrystall, M., Stroeve, J., and Hanesiak, J.: Projections and Physical Drivers of Extreme Precipitation in Greenland & Baffin Bay, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 129, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041375, 2024. a, b
Ma, W., Wang, H., Chen, G., Leung, L. R., Lu, J., Rasch, P. J., Fu, Q., Kravitz, B., Zou, Y., Cassano, J. J., and Maslowski, W.: The role of interdecadal climate oscillations in driving Arctic atmospheric river trends, Nat. Commun., 15, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45159-5, 2024a. a
Ma, W., Wang, H., Chen, G., Qian, Y., Baxter, I., Huo, Y., and Seefeldt, M. W.: Wintertime extreme warming events in the high Arctic: characteristics, drivers, trends, and the role of atmospheric rivers, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4451–4472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4451-2024, 2024b. a, b, c
Ma, W., Wang, H., Zhang, S., Singh, B., Qian, Y., Huo, Y., Feldl, N., and Audette, A.: Quantifying Moisture Sources of Arctic Atmospheric Rivers During the Recent Historical Period, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 130, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD043918, 2025. a
Mathews, J. and Czaja, A.: Oceanic maintenance of atmospheric blocking in wintertime in the North Atlantic, Clim. Dynam., 62, 6159–6172, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07196-0, 2024. a
Mathews, J. P., Czaja, A., Vitart, F., and Roberts, C.: Gulf Stream Moisture Fluxes Impact Atmospheric Blocks Throughout the Northern Hemisphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL108826, 2024. a
Mattingly, K. S., Mote, T. L., and Fettweis, X.: Atmospheric River Impacts on Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Mass Balance, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 8538–8560, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028714, 2018. a, b
Mattingly, K. S., Turton, J. V., Wille, J. D., Noël, B., Fettweis, X., Rennermalm, Å. K., and Mote, T. L.: Increasing extreme melt in northeast Greenland linked to foehn winds and atmospheric rivers, Nat. Commun., 14, 1743, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37434-8, 2023. a, b
Nash, D., Waliser, D., Guan, B., Ye, H., and Ralph, F. M.: The Role of Atmospheric Rivers in Extratropical and Polar Hydroclimate, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 6804–6821, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028130, 2018. a, b
Neff, W.: Atmospheric rivers melt Greenland, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 857–858, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0297-4, 2018. a, b, c
Nicolaus, M., Perovich, D. K., Spreen, G., Granskog, M. A., von Albedyll, L., Angelopoulos, M., Anhaus, P., Arndt, S., Jakob Belter, H., Bessonov, V., Birnbaum, G., Brauchle, J., Calmer, R., Cardellach, E., Cheng, B., Clemens-Sewall, D., Dadic, R., Damm, E., de Boer, G., Demir, O., Dethloff, K., Divine, D. V., Fong, A. A., Fons, S., Frey, M. M., Fuchs, N., Gabarró, C., Gerland, S., Goessling, H. F., Gradinger, R., Haapala, J., Haas, C., Hamilton, J., Hannula, H. R., Hendricks, S., Herber, A., Heuzé, C., Hoppmann, M., Høyland, K. V., Huntemann, M., Hutchings, J. K., Hwang, B., Itkin, P., Jacobi, H. W., Jaggi, M., Jutila, A., Kaleschke, L., Katlein, C., Kolabutin, N., Krampe, D., Kristensen, S. S., Krumpen, T., Kurtz, N., Lampert, A., Lange, B. A., Lei, R., Light, B., Linhardt, F., Liston, G. E., Loose, B., Macfarlane, A. R., Mahmud, M., Matero, I. O., Maus, S., Morgenstern, A., Naderpour, R., Nandan, V., Niubom, A., Oggier, M., Oppelt, N., Pätzold, F., Perron, C., Petrovsky, T., Pirazzini, R., Polashenski, C., Rabe, B., Raphael, I. A., Regnery, J., Rex, M., Ricker, R., Riemann-Campe, K., Rinke, A., Rohde, J., Salganik, E., Scharien, R. K., Schiller, M., Schneebeli, M., Semmling, M., Shimanchuk, E., Shupe, M. D., Smith, M. M., Smolyanitsky, V., Sokolov, V., Stanton, T., Stroeve, J., Thielke, L., Timofeeva, A., Tonboe, R. T., Tavri, A., Tsamados, M., Wagner, D. N., Watkins, D., Webster, M., and Wendisch, M.: Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice, Elementa, 10, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.000046, 2022. a
Nixdorf, U., Dethloff, K., Rex, M., Shupe, M., Sommerfeld, A., Perovich, D., Nicolaus, M., Heuzé, C., Rabe, B., Loose, B., Damm, E., Gradinger, R., Fong, A., Maslowski, W., Rinke, A., Kwok, R., Spreen, G., Wendisch, M., Herber, A., Hirsekorn, M., Mohaupt, V., Frickenhaus, S., Immerz, A., Weiss-Tuider, K., König, B., Mengedoht, D., Regnery, J., Gerchow, P., Ransby, D., Krumpen, T., Morgenstern, A., Haas, C., Kanzow, T., Rack, F. R., Saitzev, V., Sokolov, V., Makarov, A., Schwarze, S., Wunderlich, T., Wurr, K., and Boetius, A.: MOSAiC Extended Acknowledgement, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5541624, 2021. a
Nusbaumer, J. and Noone, D.: Numerical Evaluation of the Modern and Future Origins of Atmospheric River Moisture Over the West Coast of the United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 6423–6442, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028081, 2018. a, b
OSI SAF: Global Sea Ice Concentration (netCDF) – DMSP, EUMETSAT SAF on Ocean and Sea Ice, https://doi.org/10.15770/EUM_SAF_OSI_NRT_2004, 2017. a, b
Overland, J. E. and Wang, M.: The 2020 Siberian heat wave, Int. J. Climatol., 41, E2341–E2346, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6850, 2021. a, b
Pan, M., Lu, M., and Lall, U.: Diversity of cross-pacific atmospheric river main routes, Communications Earth and Environment, 5, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01552-y, 2024. a
Papritz, L., Hauswirth, D., and Hartmuth, K.: Moisture origin, transport pathways, and driving processes of intense wintertime moisture transport into the Arctic, Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1-2022, 2022. a, b
Payne, A. E., Demory, M.-E., Leung, L. R., Ramos, A. M., Shields, C. A., Rutz, J. J., Siler, N., Villarini, G., Hall, A., and Ralph, F. M.: Responses and impacts of atmospheric rivers to climate change, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 1, 143–157, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0030-5, 2020. a, b
Pfahl, S., Schwierz, C., Croci-Maspoli, M., Grams, C. M., and Wernli, H.: Importance of latent heat release in ascending air streams for atmospheric blocking, Nat. Geosci., 8, 610–614, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2487, 2015. a
Previdi, M., Smith, K. L., and Polvani, L. M.: Arctic amplification of climate change: a review of underlying mechanisms, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 093003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1c29, 2021. a
Ralph, F. M., Iacobellis, S. F., Neiman, P. J., Cordeira, J. M., Spackman, J. R., Waliser, D. E., Wick, G. A., White, A. B., and Fairall, C.: Dropsonde observations of total integrated water vapor transport within North Pacific atmospheric rivers, J. Hydrometeorol., 18, 2577–2596, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-17-0036.1, 2017. a
Ralph, F. M., Dettinger, M. C. L., Cairns, M. M., Galarneau, T. J., and Eylander, J.: Defining “Atmospheric river”: How the glossary of meteorology helped resolve a debate, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 837–839, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0157.1, 2018. a
Rinke, A., Cassano, J. J., Cassano, E. N., Jaiser, R., and Handorf, D.: Meteorological conditions during the MOSAiC expedition: Normal or anomalous?, Elementa, 9, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00023, 2021. a
Salimi, S., Helali, J., Lotfi, M., Momenzadeh, H., Hosseini, S. A., Asaadi Oskuei, E., Izadi, A., Yarmoradi, Z., and Bakhshi, I.: Investigating the origin and pathways of atmospheric rivers in the world, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 142, 165–175, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03299-w, 2020. a
Serreze, M. C. and Barry, R. G.: Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis, Global Planet. Change, 77, 85–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004, 2011. a
Serreze, M. C., Barrett, A. P., and Stroeve, J.: Recent changes in tropospheric water vapor over the Arctic as assessed from radiosondes and atmospheric reanalyses, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017421, 2012. a
Shupe, M. D., Rex, M., Dethloff, K., Damm, E., Fong, A. A., Gradinger, R., Heuzé, C., Loose, B., Makarov, A., Maslowski, W., Nicolaus, M., Perovich, D., Rabe, B., Rinke, A., Sokolov, V., and Sommerfeld, A.: Arctic Report Card 2020: The MOSAiC Expedition: A Year Drifting with the Arctic Sea Ice, Tech. rep., https://doi.org/10.25923/9g3v-xh92, 2020. a
Shupe, M. D., Rex, M., Blomquist, B., G. Persson, P. O., Schmale, J., Uttal, T., Althausen, D., Angot, H., Archer, S., Bariteau, L., Beck, I., Bilberry, J., Bucci, S., Buck, C., Boyer, M., Brasseur, Z., Brooks, I. M., Calmer, R., Cassano, J., Castro, V., Chu, D., Costa, D., Cox, C. J., Creamean, J., Crewell, S., Dahlke, S., Damm, E., de Boer, G., Deckelmann, H., Dethloff, K., Dütsch, M., Ebell, K., Ehrlich, A., Ellis, J., Engelmann, R., Fong, A. A., Frey, M. M., Gallagher, M. R., Ganzeveld, L., Gradinger, R., Graeser, J., Greenamyer, V., Griesche, H., Griffiths, S., Hamilton, J., Heinemann, G., Helmig, D., Herber, A., Heuzé, C., Hofer, J., Houchens, T., Howard, D., Inoue, J., Jacobi, H. W., Jaiser, R., Jokinen, T., Jourdan, O., Jozef, G., King, W., Kirchgaessner, A., Klingebiel, M., Krassovski, M., Krumpen, T., Lampert, A., Landing, W., Laurila, T., Lawrence, D., Lonardi, M., Loose, B., Lüpkes, C., Maahn, M., Macke, A., Maslowski, W., Marsay, C., Maturilli, M., Mech, M., Morris, S., Moser, M., Nicolaus, M., Ortega, P., Osborn, J., Pätzold, F., Perovich, D. K., Petäjä, T., Pilz, C., Pirazzini, R., Posman, K., Powers, H., Pratt, K. A., Preußer, A., Quéléver, L., Radenz, M., Rabe, B., Rinke, A., Sachs, T., Schulz, A., Siebert, H., Silva, T., Solomon, A., Sommerfeld, A., Spreen, G., Stephens, M., Stohl, A., Svensson, G., Uin, J., Viegas, J., Voigt, C., von der Gathen, P., Wehner, B., Welker, J. M., Wendisch, M., Werner, M., Xie, Z. Q., and Yue, F.: Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Atmosphere, Elementa, 10, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00060, 2022. a
Sprenger, M. and Wernli, H.: The LAGRANTO Lagrangian analysis tool – version 2.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2569–2586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2569-2015, 2015. a
Steinfeld, D. and Pfahl, S.: The role of latent heating in atmospheric blocking dynamics: a global climatology, Clim. Dynam., 53, 6159–6180, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04919-6, 2019. a, b
Svensson, G., Murto, S., Shupe, M. D., Pithan, F., Magnusson, L., Day, J. J., Doyle, J. D., Renfrew, I. A., Spengler, T., and Vihma, T.: Warm air intrusions reaching the MOSAiC expedition in April 2020 – The YOPP targeted observing period (TOP), Elementa, 11, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00016, 2023. a, b, c, d, e
Thaker, R., Vavrus, S. J., Shields, C. A., DuVivier, A. K., Maclennan, M., Holland, M. M., and Landrum, L.: Arctic Atmospheric Rivers in a Changing Climate and the Impacts on Sea Ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 130, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042521, 2025. a, b, c
Tonboe, R. and Lavelle, J.: The EUMETSAT OSI SAF Sea Ice Concentration Algorithm Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document Documentation Change Record, Tech. rep., The Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility, https://osisaf-hl.met.no/sites/osisaf-hl.met.no/files/baseline_document/osisaf_cdop2_ss2_atbd_amsr2-sea-ice-conc_v1p1.pdf (last access: 1 August 2025), 2016. a
Waling, A., Herrington, A., Duderstadt, K., Dibb, J., and Burakowski, E.: Using variable-resolution grids to model precipitation from atmospheric rivers around the Greenland ice sheet, Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 1117–1135, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1117-2024, 2024. a, b
Wang, Z., Ding, Q., Wu, R., Ballinger, T. J., Guan, B., Bozkurt, D., Nash, D., Baxter, I., Topál, D., Li, Z., Huang, G., Chen, W., Chen, S., Cao, X., and Chen, Z.: Role of atmospheric rivers in shaping long term Arctic moisture variability, Nat. Commun., 15, 5505, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49857-y, 2024. a, b, c, d, e
Wille, J. D., Favier, V., Dufour, A., Gorodetskaya, I. V., Turner, J., Agosta, C., and Codron, F.: West Antarctic surface melt triggered by atmospheric rivers, Nat. Geosci., 12, 911–916, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0460-1, 2019. a
Woods, C. and Caballero, R.: The role of moist intrusions in winter arctic warming and sea ice decline, J. Climate, 29, 4473–4485, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0773.1, 2016. a
Woods, C., Caballero, R., and Svensson, G.: Large-scale circulation associated with moisture intrusions into the Arctic during winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 4717–4721, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50912, 2013. a, b
Xiong, W., Tang, G., Wang, T., Ma, Z., and Wan, W.: Evaluation of IMERG and ERA5 Precipitation‐Phase Partitioning on the Global Scale, Water (Switzerland), 14, https://doi.org/10.3390/w14071122, 2022. a
Yadav, J., Kumar, A., and Mohan, R.: Dramatic decline of Arctic sea ice linked to global warming, Nat. Hazards, 103, 2617–2621, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04064-y, 2020. a
Yamamoto, A., Nonaka, M., Martineau, P., Yamazaki, A., Kwon, Y.-O., Nakamura, H., and Taguchi, B.: Oceanic moisture sources contributing to wintertime Euro-Atlantic blocking, Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 819–840, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-819-2021, 2021. a
Zhang, P., Taylor, P. C., Webster, M., Bailey, D. A., Ding, Q., and Li, L.: Unraveling Arctic Sea Ice Response to Atmospheric Rivers – Insights From Sea Ice Modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 52, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL115152, 2025. a
Zhu, Y. and Newell, R. E.: A Proposed Algorithm for Moisture Fluxes from Atmospheric Rivers, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 725–735, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<0725:APAFMF>2.0.CO;2, 1998. a
Short summary
Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are narrow filaments of intense poleward water vapour transport. On rare occasions, they reach the Arctic, driving strong warming and melt. In April 2020, two ARs intruded into the central Arctic within one week, raising near-surface temperatures by up to 30°C and leading to extreme precipitation. Their distinct paths and thermodynamic evolution reveal diverse AR impacts on Arctic sea ice and precipitation extremes.
Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are narrow filaments of intense poleward water vapour transport. On...
