Blackport, R. and Screen, J. A.: Insignificant effect of Arctic amplification on the amplitude of midlatitude atmospheric waves, Science Advances, 6, p.eeay2880, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay2880, 2020.
Chenoli, S. N., Ahmad Mazuki, M. Y., Turner, J., and Samah, A. A.: Historical and projected changes in the Southern Hemisphere sub-tropical Jet during winter from the CMIP5 models, Clim. Dynam., 48, 661–681, 2017.
Christenson, C. E., Martin, J. E., and Handlos, Z. J.: A synoptic-climatology of Northern Hemisphere, cold season polar and subtropical jet superposition events, J. Climate, 30, 7231–7246, 2017.
Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S): ERA5: Fifth generation of ECMWF atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate. Copernicus Climate Change Service Climate Data Store (CDS),
https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/home, 2017.
Cunningham, P. and Keyser, D.: Dynamics of jet streaks in a stratified quasi-geostrophic atmosphere: Steady-state representations, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 1579–1609, 2004.
desJardins, M. L., Brill, K. F., and Schotz, S. S.: GEMPAK 5 Part I – GEMPAK 5 programmer's guide, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, (available from Scientific and Technical Information Division, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771), GitHub [code],
https://github.com/Unidata/Gempak/releases (last access: July 2019), 1991.
DiCapua, G. and Coumou, D.: Changes in the meandering of the Northern Hemisphere circulation, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 094028, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/094028, 2016.
Fan, K.: Zonal asymmetry of the Antarctic Oscillation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02706, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028045, 2007.
Fogt, R. L. and Marshall, G. J.: The Southern Annular Mode: Variability, trends, and climate impacts across the Southern Hemisphere, WIREs Climate Change, 11, e652, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.652, 2020.
Francis, J. A.: Why are Arctic linkages to extreme weather still up in the air?, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 2551–2557, 2017.
Francis, J. A. and Vavrus, S. J.: Evidence linking Arctic amplification to extreme weather in mid-latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L06801, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051000, 2012.
Francis, J. A. and Vavrus, S. J.: Evidence for a wavier jet stream in response to rapid Arctic warming, Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 014005, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014005, 2015.
Francis, J. A., Skific, N., and Vavrus, S. J.: North American weather regimes are becoming more persistent: Is Arctic amplification a factor?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 11414–11422, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080252, 2018.
Gallego, D., Ribera, P., Garcia-Herrera, R., Hernandez, E., and Gimeno, L.: A new look for the Southern Hemisphere jet stream, Clim. Dynam., 24, 607–621, 2005.
Gillett, Z. E., Hendon, H. H., Arblaster, J. M., and Lim, E.-P.: Tropical and extratropical influences on the variability of the Southern Hemisphere wintertime subtropical jet, J. Climate, 34, 4009–4022, 2021.
Gong, D. and Wang, S.: Definition of Antarctic oscillation index, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 459–462, 1999.
Goyal, R., Jucker, M., Sen Gupta, A., Hendon, H. H., and England, M. H.: Zonal wave 3 pattern in the Southern Hemisphere generated by tropical convection, Nat. Geosci., 14, 732–738, 2021.
Kistler, R., Kalnay, E., Collins, W., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Kanamitsu, M., Kousky, V., van den Dool, H., Jenne, R., and Fiorino, M.: The NCEP-NCAR 50-Year reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROM and documentation, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 247–267, 2001.
Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H., Miyaoka, K., and Takahashi, K.: The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 93, 5–48, 2015.
Lorenz, D. J. and DeWeaver, E. T.: Tropopause height and zonal wind response to global warming in the IPCC scenario integrations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D10119, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008087, 2007.
Maher, P., Kelleher, M. E., Sansom, P. G., and Methven, J.: Is the subtropical jet shifting poleward?, Clim. Dynam., 54, 1741–1759, 2020.
Manney, G. L. and Hegglin, M. I.: Seasonal and regional variations of long-term changes in upper-tropospheric jets from reanalyses, J. Climate, 31, 423–448, 2018.
Manney, G. L., Hegglin, M. I., Lawrence, Z. D., Wargan, K., Millán, L. F., Schwartz, M. J., Santee, M. L., Lambert, A., Pawson, S., Knosp, B. W., Fuller, R. A., and Daffer, W. H.: Reanalysi
s comparisons of upper tropospheric–lower stratospheric jets and multiple tropopauses, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 11541–11566, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11541-2017, 2017.
Martin, J. E.: Recent trends in the waviness of the Northern Hemisphere wintertime polar and subtropical jets, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD033668, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033668, 2021.
Martineau, P., Chen, G., and Burrows, D. A.: Wave events: Climatology, trends, and relationship to Northern Hemisphere blocking and weather extremes, J. Climate, 30, 5675–5697, 2017.
Miller, R. L., Schmidt, G. A., and Shindell, D. T.: Forced annular variations in the 20th century Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report models, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D18101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006323, 2006.
Nakamura, H. and Shimpo, A.: Seasonal variations in the Southern Hemisphere storm tracks and jet streams as revealed in a reanalysis data set, J. Climate, 17, 1828–1844, 2004.
NCAR: JRA-55: Japanese 55-year Reanalysis, Daily 3-Hourly and 6-Hourly Data, NCAR [data set], https://doi.org/10.5065/D6HH6H41, 2013.
NOAA: NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis, NOAA [data set],
https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.html, last access: October 2020.
Peña-Ortiz, C., Gallego, D., Ribera, P., Ordonez, P., and Alvarez-Castro, M. D. C.: Observed trends in the global jet stream characteristics during the second half of the 20th century, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 2702–2713, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50305, 2013.
Rosso, F. V., Boiaski, N. T., Ferraz, S. E. T., and Robles, T. C.: Influence of the Antarctic oscillation on the South Atlantic convergence Zone, Atmosphere, 9, 431, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9110431, 2018.
Screen, J. A. and Simmonds, I.: Exploring links between Arctic amplification and mid-latitude weather, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 959–964, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50174, 2013.
Serreze, M. C., Barrett, A. P., Stroeve, J. C., Kindig, D. N., and Holland, M. M.: The emergence of surface-based Arctic amplification, The Cryosphere, 3, 11–19, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-3-11-2009, 2009.
Silvestri, G. and Vera, C.: Nonstationary impacts of the Southern Annular Mode on Southern Hemisphere climate, J. Climate, 22, 6142–6148, 2009.
Spensberger, C., Reeder, M. J., Spengler, T., and Patterson, M.: The connection between the Southern Annular Mode and a feature-based perspective on Southern Hemisphere midlatitude winter variability, J. Climate, 33, 115–129, 2020.
Thompson, D. and Wallace, J.: Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: Month-to-month variability, J. Climate, 13, 1000–1016, 2000.
Vavrus, S. J.: The influence of Arctic amplification on mid-latitude weather and climate, Curr. Clim. Change. Rep., 4, 238–249, 2018.
Vavrus, S. J., Wang, F., Martin, J. E., Francis, J. A., Peings, Y., and Cattiaux, J.: Changes in North American circulation and extreme weather: Influence of arctic amplification and Northern Hemisphere snow cover, J. Climate, 30, 4317–4333, 2017.
WMO: Executive summary. Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2022, GAW report, no. 278, Geneva, Switzerland: WMO, https://library.wmo.int/viewer/42105/?offset=3#page=1&viewer =picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q= (last access: June 2023), 2022.
Yin, J. H.: A consistent poleward shift of the storm tracks in simulations of 21st century climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18701, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023684, 2005.