Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., Mcnally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J. J., Park, B. K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J. N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
a
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1979 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set],
https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.bd0915c6, 2018.
a,
b
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J. N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
a,
b
Hoskins, B. J., Yang, G., and Fonseca, R. M.: The detailed dynamics of the June–August Hadley Cell, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 557–575,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3702, 2020.
a
Hu, S. and Vallis, G. K.: Meridional structure and future changes of tropopause height and temperature, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145, 2698–2717,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3587, 2019.
a
Hussain, M. M. and Mahmud, I.: pyMannKendall: a python package for non parametric Mann Kendall family of trend tests, Journal of Open Source Software, 4, 1556,
https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01556, 2019.
a
IPCC: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J., Maycock, T., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Tech. rep., Cambridge University Press, in press, 2021. a
Kang, S. M., Deser, C., and Polvani, L. M.: Uncertainty in climate change
projections of the hadley circulation: The role of internal variability,
J. Climate, 26, 7541–7554,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00788.1, 2013.
a,
b
Kjellsson, J., Döös, K., Laliberté, F. B., and Zika, J. D.: The Atmospheric General Circulation in Thermodynamical Coordinates, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 916–928,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0173.1, 2014.
a
Lucas, C., Rudeva, I., Nguyen, H., Boschat, G., and Hope, P.: Variability and changes to the mean meridional circulation in isentropic coordinates, Clim. Dynam., 58, 257–276,
https://doi.org/10.1007/S00382-021-05903-9, 2021.
a
Mathew, S. S. and Kumar, K. K.: On the role of precipitation latent heating in modulating the strength and width of the Hadley circulation, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 136, 661–673,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2515-4, 2019.
a
Menzel, M. E., Waugh, D., and Grise, K.: Disconnect Between Hadley Cell and Subtropical Jet Variability and Response to Increased CO
2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 7045–7053,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083345, 2019.
a,
b
Mitas, C. M. and Clement, A.: Has the Hadley cell been strengthening in recent decades?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 1–5,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021765, 2005.
a,
b,
c,
d
Nguyen, H., Evans, A., Lucas, C., Smith, I., and Timbal, B.: The hadley circulation in reanalyses: Climatology, variability, and Change, J. Climate, 26, 3357–3376,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00224.1, 2013.
a,
b,
c
Sohn, B. J. and Park, S.-C.: Strengthened tropical circulations in past three decades inferred from water vapor transport, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D15112,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013713, 2010.
a,
b,
c
Solomon, A., Polvani, L. M., Waugh, D. W., and Davis, S. M.: Contrasting upper and lower atmospheric metrics of tropical expansion in the Southern Hemisphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 496–503,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070917, 2016.
a
Son, S. W., Kim, S. Y., and Min, S. K.: Widening of the Hadley Cell from Last Glacial Maximum to future climate, J. Climate, 31, 267–281,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0328.1, 2018.
a
Stachnik, J. P. and Schumacher, C.: A comparison of the Hadley circulation in modern reanalyses, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D22102,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016677, 2011.
a,
b,
c,
d
Staten, P. W., Lu, J., Grise, K. M., Davis, S. M., and Birner, T.: Re-examining tropical expansion, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 1–8,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0246-2, 2018.
a
Tanaka, H. L., Ishizaki, N., and Kitoh, A.: Trend and interannual variability of Walker, monsoon and Hadley circulations defined by velocity potential in the upper troposphere, Tellus A, 56, 250–269,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2004.00049.x, 2004.
a,
b,
c
Waugh, D. W., Grise, K. M., Seviour, W. J., Davis, S. M., Davis, N., Adam, O., Son, S. W., Simpson, I. R., Staten, P. W., Maycock, A. C., Ummenhofer, C. C., Birner, T., and Ming, A.: Revisiting the relationship among metrics of tropical expansion, J. Climate, 31, 7565–7581,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0108.1, 2018.
a
Wu, Y., Lu, J., and Pauluis, O.: Weakening of Upward Mass but Intensification of Upward Energy Transport in a Warming Climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 1672–1680,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081399, 2019.
a
Yue, S. and Wang, C.: Applicability of Prewhitening to Eliminate the Influence of Serial Correlation on the Mann-Kendall Test, Water Resour. Res., 38, 1–4,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000861, 2002.
a
Žagar, N. and Tribbia, E. J.: Modal View Of Atmospheric Variability:
Applications Of Normal-Mode Function Decomposition in Weather and Climate
Research, Springer Nature, ISBN 978-3030609627, 2020.
a,
b
Žagar, N., Kasahara, A., Terasaki, K., Tribbia, J., and Tanaka, H.: Normal-mode function representation of global 3-D data sets: open-access software for the atmospheric research community, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1169–1195,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1169-2015, 2015.
a,
b,
c
Žagar, N., Jelić, D., Blaauw, M., and Bechtold, P.: Energy Spectra and Inertia–Gravity Waves in Global Analyses, J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 2447–2466,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0341.1, 2017.
a
Žagar, N., Zaplotnik, Z., and Karami, K.: Atmospheric Subseasonal
Variability and Circulation Regimes: Spectra, Trends and Uncertainties,
J. Climate, 33, 9375–9390,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0225.1, 2020.
a
Zaplotnik, Z., Pikovnik, M., and Boljka, L.: Recent Hadley Circulation Strengthening: A Trend or Multidecadal Variability?, J. Climate, 35, 4157–4176,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0204.1, 2022.
a,
b,
c
