Articles | Volume 4, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-489-2023
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-489-2023
Research article
 | 
25 May 2023
Research article |  | 25 May 2023

Thunderstorm environments in Europe

Deborah Morgenstern, Isabell Stucke, Georg J. Mayr, Achim Zeileis, and Thorsten Simon

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Cited articles

Anderson, G. and Klugmann, D.: A European Lightning Density Analysis Using 5 Years of ATDnet Data, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 815–829, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-815-2014, 2014. a
Becerra, M., Long, M., Schulz, W., and Thottappillil, R.: On the Estimation of the Lightning Incidence to Offshore Wind Farms, Elect. Power Syst. Res., 157, 211–226, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.12.008, 2018. a
Bentley, M. L., Riley, C., and Mazur, E.: A Winter-Season Lightning Climatology for the Contiguous United States, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 131, 1327–1340, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-018-0641-2, 2019. a
Bielec, Z.: Long-Term Variability of Thunderstorms and Thunderstorm Precipitation Occurrence in Cracow, Poland, in the Period 1896–1995, Atmos. Res., 56, 161–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(00)00096-X, 2001. a
Brook, M., Nakano, M., Krehbiel, P., and Takeuti, T.: The Electrical Structure of the Hokuriku Winter Thunderstorms, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 87, 1207–1215, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC087iC02p01207, 1982. a
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Short summary
Two thunderstorm environments are described for Europe: mass-field thunderstorms, which occur mostly in summer, over land, and under similar meteorological conditions, and wind-field thunderstorms, which occur mostly in winter, over the sea, and under more diverse meteorological conditions. Our descriptions are independent of static thresholds and help to understand why thunderstorms in unfavorable seasons for lightning pose a particular risk to tall infrastructure such as wind turbines.