Articles | Volume 3, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-483-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-483-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A global climatology of polar lows investigated for local differences and wind-shear environments
Patrick Johannes Stoll
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physics and Technology, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Extreme weather events have historically caused major challenges for humanity. Yet, our understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to their formation remains unclear. Our study provides evidence that locally amplified and slow-moving planetary waves are responsible for the formation of extreme cold spells. These findings are obtained based on two novel metrics assessing the amplitude and speed of ridges and troughs separately at all longitudes around latitude circles.
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The atmosphere is in motion and hereby transporting warm, cold, moist, and dry air to different climate zones. In this study, we investigate how this transport of energy organises in different manners. Outside the tropics, atmospheric waves of sizes between 2000 and 8000 km, which we perceive as cyclones from the surface, transport most of the energy and moisture poleward. In the winter, large-scale weather situations become very important for transporting energy into the polar regions.
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Polar lows are intense meso-scale cyclones occurring at high latitudes. The research community has not agreed on a conceptual model to describe polar-low development. Here, we apply self-organising maps to identify the typical ambient sub-synoptic environments of polar lows and find that they can be described as moist-baroclinic cyclones that develop in four different environments characterised by the vertical wind shear.
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Extreme weather events have historically caused major challenges for humanity. Yet, our understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to their formation remains unclear. Our study provides evidence that locally amplified and slow-moving planetary waves are responsible for the formation of extreme cold spells. These findings are obtained based on two novel metrics assessing the amplitude and speed of ridges and troughs separately at all longitudes around latitude circles.
Patrick Johannes Stoll, Rune Grand Graversen, and Gabriele Messori
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The atmosphere is in motion and hereby transporting warm, cold, moist, and dry air to different climate zones. In this study, we investigate how this transport of energy organises in different manners. Outside the tropics, atmospheric waves of sizes between 2000 and 8000 km, which we perceive as cyclones from the surface, transport most of the energy and moisture poleward. In the winter, large-scale weather situations become very important for transporting energy into the polar regions.
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Polar lows are intense meso-scale cyclones occurring at high latitudes. The research community has not agreed on a conceptual model to describe polar-low development. Here, we apply self-organising maps to identify the typical ambient sub-synoptic environments of polar lows and find that they can be described as moist-baroclinic cyclones that develop in four different environments characterised by the vertical wind shear.
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Short summary
Polar lows are small but intense cyclones and constitute one of the major natural hazards in the polar regions. To be aware of when and where polar lows occur, this study maps polar lows globally by utilizing new atmospheric datasets. Polar lows develop in all marine areas adjacent to sea ice or cold landmasses, mainly in the winter half year. The highest frequency appears in the Nordic Seas. Further, it is found that polar lows are rather similar in the different ocean sub-basins.
Polar lows are small but intense cyclones and constitute one of the major natural hazards in the...