Articles | Volume 6, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-447-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-447-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Apr 2025
Research article |
| 17 Apr 2025
| 17 Apr 2025
Revealing the dynamics of a local Alpine windstorm using large-eddy simulations
Nicolai Krieger
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Heini Wernli
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Michael Sprenger
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Christian Kühnlein
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Bonn, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Franziska Schnyder, Ming Hon Franco Lee, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 1319–1337, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1319-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1319-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate a particularly long-lived example of a Siberian summer cyclone, which originates during a heat wave in Kazakhstan in July 2021 and propagates into the Arctic, where it leads to heavy precipitation and alters the Arctic tropopause. Although a rare event in current climate, this case reveals how compounding events may be linked by one weather system and portrays a type of cyclone event which is likely to become more frequent in a warmer climate.
Tuule Müürsepp, Michael Sprenger, Heini Wernli, and Hanna Joos
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5224, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5224, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Weather and Climate Dynamics (WCD).
Short summary
Short summary
The tropopause region of the atmosphere is greatly impacted by the exchange of mass and constituents between the troposphere and the stratosphere. This study quantifies the role of radiation in troposphere-to-stratosphere transport using reanalysis data. We find that radiation contributes to this transport most of the time, albeit it might not be the dominant process. We provide a new insight into the complex interplay of processes that air parcels experience on their way to the stratosphere.
Matthias Röthlisberger, Michael Sprenger, Urs Beyerle, Erich M. Fischer, and Heini Wernli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5146, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5146, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Weather and Climate Dynamics (WCD).
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates yearly heat extremes simulated with the global climate model CESM2. A trajectory-based method is used, which allows quantifying the contributions to temperature anomalies from advection, subsidence, and diabatic heating. The results show that the magnitude of CESM2 heat extremes agrees fairly well with ERA5 reanalyses, but it is often “right for the partly wrong physical reasons”.
Selvakumar Vishnupriya, Michael Sprenger, Hanna Joos, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 1195–1219, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1195-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1195-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Extratropical cyclones feature rapidly ascending airstreams known as warm conveyor belts, which could influence upper-level flow dynamics. This study classifies interactions between warm conveyor belt outflows and the jet stream into four types: no interactions, ridges, blocks, and tropospheric cutoffs. We use reanalysis data to demonstrate that the interaction type depends on the structure of the ambient flow than on the outflow, improving our understanding of extratropical flow variability.
Killian P. Brennan, Iris Thurnherr, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3693–3712, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-3693-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-3693-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Hailstorms can cause severe damage to homes, crops, and infrastructure. Using high-resolution climate simulations, we tracked thousands of hailstorms across Europe to study future changes. Large hail will become more frequent, hail-covered areas will expand, and instances of extreme hail combined with heavy rain will double. These shifts could increase risks for communities and businesses, highlighting the need for better preparedness and adaptation.
Luise J. Fischer, David N. Bresch, Dominik Büeler, Christian M. Grams, Robin Noyelle, Matthias Röthlisberger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 1027–1043, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1027-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1027-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric flows over the North Atlantic can be meaningfully classified into weather regimes, and climate simulations suggest that the regime frequencies might change in the future. We provide a quantitative framework that helps assess whether these regime frequency changes are relevant to understanding climate change signals in precipitation. At least in our example application, in most regions, regime frequency changes explain little of the projected precipitation changes.
Katharina Hartmuth, Dominik Büeler, and Heini Wernli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4111, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4111, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents three case studies of applying a newly developed method to quantify the uncertainty of the operational ECMWF ensemble in forecasting precipitation and wind extremes associated with Mediterranean cyclones. We find that the cyclones as well as their associated extremes are predicted well for lead times ≤48 h; however, for longer lead times there is large case-to-case variability in the ensemble performance.
Nora Zilibotti, Heini Wernli, and Sebastian Schemm
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3605, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3605, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the relationship between jet strength and storm track activity in the North Pacific and North Atlantic with a new approach that does not rely on monthly averaging. We find a consistent behaviour in the two basins, with two distinct relationships on seasonal and sub-monthly timescales emerging. This work underlines the importance of separating different timescales of variability to understand the interplay of jet characteristics and storm track activity.
Jacopo Riboldi, Robin Noyelle, Ellina Agayar, Hanin Binder, Marc Federer, Katharina Hartmuth, Michael Sprenger, Iris Thurnherr, and Selvakumar Vishnupriya
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3599, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3599, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Storm Boris hit central Europe in September 2024 with extreme precipitation and impacts: this work introduces a methodology to strengthen our comprehension of how global warming affects similar events, based on the incorporation of event-specific meteorological information. Furthermore, it contextualizes how the answer to the question "How will Boris-like storms change in a warmer climate?" depends on explicit and implicit methodological choices, with the aim to inform future research.
Huw Davies and Michael Sprenger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3017, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3017, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Stratospheric Polar Vortex (SPV) with its accompanying strong circumpolar jet is a dominant feature of the wintertime stratosphere. Evidence is presented that the SPV’s periphery often possesses distinctive sub-planetary scale features. The scale and dynamics of the features are linked to the break-up of an annular band of strong vorticity at the SPV’s periphery, and the latter’s aggregation into one or two vortices due to forcing from below bears comparison to Sudden Stratospheric Warming.
Killian P. Brennan, Michael Sprenger, André Walser, Marco Arpagaus, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 645–668, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-645-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-645-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied severe hailstorms that occurred in Switzerland on 28 June 2021 using a weather prediction model to understand how they evolved. We found that the storms moved toward areas with more storm energy. Hailfall was quickly followed by heavy rain. Just before the storms died out, the air feeding them stopped coming from near the ground. We also observed a delay between different types of precipitation forming in the incoming air.
Ming Hon Franco Lee and Michael Sprenger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1949, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1949, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Turbulence can occur in clear-air conditions at cruising altitude. From around 5000 clear-air turbulence events identified using aircraft measurements, nonlinear breaking of large-scale waves and rapidly ascending airstreams associated with cyclones are found concurrent with 40 % and 30 % of them respectively. The results further show that these weather systems may trigger turbulence by generating highly deformed flow or flow instability, improving our understanding of clear-air turbulence.
Katharina Hartmuth, Heini Wernli, and Lukas Papritz
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 505–520, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-505-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-505-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we use large-ensemble climate model simulations to analyze extreme winters in the Barents Sea in a changing climate. We find that variability in both atmospheric processes and sea ice conditions determines the formation of such seasons in the present-day climate. The reduction in sea ice variability results in a decreasing importance of surface boundary conditions in a warmer climate, while the robust link shown for surface weather systems persists.
Alexander Pietak, Langwen Huang, Luigi Fusco, Michael Sprenger, Sebastian Schemm, and Torsten Hoefler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-793, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-793, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
As meteorological models grow in complexity, the volume of output data increases, making compression increasingly desirable. However, no specialized methods currently exist for compressing data in the Lagrangian frame. To address this gap, we developed psit, a pipeline for the lossy compression of Lagrangian flow data. In most cases, psit achieves performance that is equivalent or superior to non specialized alternatives, with compression errors behaving similar to measurement inaccuracies.
Marc Federer, Lukas Papritz, Michael Sprenger, and Christian M. Grams
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 211–230, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-211-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-211-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Although extratropical cyclones in the North Atlantic are among the most impactful midlatitude weather systems, their intensification is not entirely understood. Here, we explore how individual cyclones convert available potential energy (APE) into kinetic energy and relate these conversions to the synoptic development of the cyclones. By combining potential vorticity thinking with a local APE framework, we offer a novel perspective on established concepts in dynamic meteorology.
Hanin Binder and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 151–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-151-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-151-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a systematic analysis of frequency anomalies and characteristics of extratropical cyclones during extremely wet, dry, windy, and calm winter and summer seasons in the extratropics based on 1050 years of present-day climate simulations. We show that anomalies in cyclone frequency, intensity, and stationarity are crucial to the occurrence of many extreme seasons and that these anomaly patterns exhibit substantial regional and seasonal variability.
Stefano Ubbiali, Christian Kühnlein, Christoph Schär, Linda Schlemmer, Thomas C. Schulthess, Michael Staneker, and Heini Wernli
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 529–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-529-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-529-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We explore a high-level programming model for porting numerical weather prediction (NWP) model codes to graphics processing units (GPUs). We present a Python rewrite with the domain-specific library GT4Py (GridTools for Python) of two renowned cloud microphysics schemes and the associated tangent-linear and adjoint algorithms. We find excellent portability, competitive GPU performance, robust execution on diverse computing architectures, and enhanced code maintainability and user productivity.
Thomas Rackow, Xabier Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, Tobias Becker, Sebastian Milinski, Irina Sandu, Razvan Aguridan, Peter Bechtold, Sebastian Beyer, Jean Bidlot, Souhail Boussetta, Willem Deconinck, Michail Diamantakis, Peter Dueben, Emanuel Dutra, Richard Forbes, Rohit Ghosh, Helge F. Goessling, Ioan Hadade, Jan Hegewald, Thomas Jung, Sarah Keeley, Lukas Kluft, Nikolay Koldunov, Aleksei Koldunov, Tobias Kölling, Josh Kousal, Christian Kühnlein, Pedro Maciel, Kristian Mogensen, Tiago Quintino, Inna Polichtchouk, Balthasar Reuter, Domokos Sármány, Patrick Scholz, Dmitry Sidorenko, Jan Streffing, Birgit Sützl, Daisuke Takasuka, Steffen Tietsche, Mirco Valentini, Benoît Vannière, Nils Wedi, Lorenzo Zampieri, and Florian Ziemen
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 33–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-33-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-33-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Detailed global climate model simulations have been created based on a numerical weather prediction model, offering more accurate spatial detail down to the scale of individual cities ("kilometre-scale") and a better understanding of climate phenomena such as atmospheric storms, whirls in the ocean, and cracks in sea ice. The new model aims to provide globally consistent information on local climate change with greater precision, benefiting environmental planning and local impact modelling.
Stephanie Mayer, Martin Hendrick, Adrien Michel, Bettina Richter, Jürg Schweizer, Heini Wernli, and Alec van Herwijnen
The Cryosphere, 18, 5495–5517, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the impact of climate change on snow avalanche activity is crucial for safeguarding lives and infrastructure. Here, we project changes in avalanche activity in the Swiss Alps throughout the 21st century. Our findings reveal elevation-dependent patterns of change, indicating a decrease in dry-snow avalanches alongside an increase in wet-snow avalanches at elevations above the current treeline. These results underscore the necessity to revisit measures for avalanche risk mitigation.
Heini Wernli and Suzanne L. Gray
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 1299–1408, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1299-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1299-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The science of extratropical dynamics has reached a new level where the interplay of dry dynamics with effects of latent heating in clouds and other diabatic processes is considered central to the field. This review documents how research about the role of diabatic processes evolved over more than a century; it highlights that progress relied essentially on the integration of theory, field campaigns, novel diagnostics, and numerical modelling, and it outlines avenues for future research.
Philip Rupp, Jonas Spaeth, Hilla Afargan-Gerstman, Dominik Büeler, Michael Sprenger, and Thomas Birner
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 1287–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1287-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1287-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the occurrence of strong synoptic storms as contributing about 20 % to the uncertainty of subseasonal geopotential height forecasts over northern Europe. We further show that North Atlantic storms are less frequent, weaker and shifted southward following sudden stratospheric warming events, leading to a reduction in northern European forecast uncertainty.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Stavros Dafis, Silvio Davolio, Davide Faranda, Christian Ferrarin, Katharina Hartmuth, Assaf Hochman, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Samira Khodayar, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Florian Pantillon, Platon Patlakas, Michael Sprenger, and Iris Thurnherr
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2809, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2809, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Storm Daniel (2023) is one of the most catastrophic ones ever documented in the Mediterranean. Our results highlight the different dynamics and therefore the different predictability skill of precipitation, its extremes and impacts that have been produced in Greece and Libya, the two most affected countries. Our approach concerns a holistic analysis of the storm by articulating dynamics, weather prediction, hydrological and oceanographic implications, climate extremes and attribution theory.
Ellina Agayar, Franziska Aemisegger, Moshe Armon, Alexander Scherrmann, and Heini Wernli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2441–2459, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2441-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the results of a climatological investigation of extreme precipitation events (EPEs) in Ukraine for the period 1979–2019. During all seasons EPEs are associated with pronounced upper-level potential vorticity (PV) anomalies. In addition, we find distinct seasonal and regional differences in moisture sources. Several extreme precipitation cases demonstrate the importance of these processes, complemented by a detailed synoptic analysis.
Katharina Heitmann, Michael Sprenger, Hanin Binder, Heini Wernli, and Hanna Joos
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 537–557, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-537-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-537-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are coherently ascending air streams that occur in extratropical cyclones where they form precipitation and often affect the large-scale flow. We quantified the key characteristics and impacts of WCBs and linked them to different phases in the cyclone life cycle and to different WCB branches. A climatology of these metrics revealed that WCBs are most intense during cyclone intensification and that the cyclonic and anticyclonic WCB branches show distinct differences.
Justin L. Willson, Kevin A. Reed, Christiane Jablonowski, James Kent, Peter H. Lauritzen, Ramachandran Nair, Mark A. Taylor, Paul A. Ullrich, Colin M. Zarzycki, David M. Hall, Don Dazlich, Ross Heikes, Celal Konor, David Randall, Thomas Dubos, Yann Meurdesoif, Xi Chen, Lucas Harris, Christian Kühnlein, Vivian Lee, Abdessamad Qaddouri, Claude Girard, Marco Giorgetta, Daniel Reinert, Hiroaki Miura, Tomoki Ohno, and Ryuji Yoshida
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2493–2507, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2493-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2493-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate simulation of tropical cyclones (TCs) is essential to understanding their behavior in a changing climate. One way this is accomplished is through model intercomparison projects, where results from multiple climate models are analyzed to provide benchmark solutions for the wider climate modeling community. This study describes and analyzes the previously developed TC test case for nine climate models in an intercomparison project, providing solutions that aid in model development.
Lukas Jansing, Lukas Papritz, and Michael Sprenger
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 463–489, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-463-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-463-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using an innovative approach, the descent of foehn is diagnosed from a Lagrangian perspective based on 15 kilometer-scale simulations combined with online trajectories. The descent is confined to distinct hotspots in the immediate lee of local mountain peaks and chains. Two detailed case studies reveal a varying wave regime to be associated with the descent. Furthermore, additional controlling factors, such as the diurnal cycle, likewise influence the descent activity.
Alexander Scherrmann, Heini Wernli, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 419–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-419-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-419-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show that the formation of Mediterranean cyclones follows the presence of cyclones over the North Atlantic. The distinct regions of cyclone activity in the Mediterranean in the different seasons can be linked to the atmospheric state, in particular the position of the polar jet over the North Atlantic. With this we now better understand the processes that lead to the formation of Mediterranean cyclones. We used a novel simulation framework in which we directly show and probe this connection.
Esther S. Breuninger, Julie Tolu, Iris Thurnherr, Franziska Aemisegger, Aryeh Feinberg, Sylvain Bouchet, Jeroen E. Sonke, Véronique Pont, Heini Wernli, and Lenny H. E. Winkel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2491–2510, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2491-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2491-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric deposition is an important source of selenium (Se) and other health-relevant trace elements in surface environments. We found that the variability in elemental concentrations in atmospheric deposition reflects not only changes in emission sources but also weather conditions during atmospheric removal. Depending on the sources and if Se is derived more locally or from further away, the Se forms can be different, affecting the bioavailability of Se atmospherically supplied to soils.
Hilla Afargan-Gerstman, Dominik Büeler, C. Ole Wulff, Michael Sprenger, and Daniela I. V. Domeisen
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 231–249, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-231-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-231-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The stratosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere found above the weather systems. Changes in the stratosphere can affect the winds and the storm tracks in the North Atlantic region for a relatively long time, lasting for several weeks and even months. We show that the stratosphere can be important for weather forecasts beyond 1 week, but more work is needed to improve the accuracy of these forecasts for 3–4 weeks.
Yonatan Givon, Or Hess, Emmanouil Flaounas, Jennifer Louise Catto, Michael Sprenger, and Shira Raveh-Rubin
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 133–162, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-133-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-133-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A novel classification of Mediterranean cyclones is presented, enabling a separation between storms driven by different atmospheric processes. The surface impact of each cyclone class differs greatly by precipitation, winds, and temperatures, providing an invaluable tool to study the climatology of different types of Mediterranean storms and enhancing the understanding of their predictability, on both weather and climate scales.
Julian F. Quinting, Christian M. Grams, Edmund Kar-Man Chang, Stephan Pfahl, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 65–85, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-65-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-65-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Research in the last few decades has revealed that rapidly ascending airstreams in extratropical cyclones have an important effect on the evolution of downstream weather and predictability. In this study, we show that the occurrence of these airstreams over the North Pacific is modulated by tropical convection. Depending on the modulation, known atmospheric circulation patterns evolve quite differently, which may affect extended-range predictions in the Atlantic–European region.
Stefania Gilardoni, Dominic Heslin-Rees, Mauro Mazzola, Vito Vitale, Michael Sprenger, and Radovan Krejci
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15589–15607, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15589-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15589-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Models still fail in reproducing black carbon (BC) temporal variability in the Arctic. Analysis of equivalent BC concentrations in the European Arctic shows that BC seasonal variability is modulated by the efficiency of removal by precipitation during transport towards high latitudes. Short-term variability is controlled by synoptic-scale circulation patterns. The advection of warm air from lower latitudes is an effective pollution transport pathway during summer.
Leonie Villiger, Marina Dütsch, Sandrine Bony, Marie Lothon, Stephan Pfahl, Heini Wernli, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Patrick Chazette, Pierre Coutris, Julien Delanoë, Cyrille Flamant, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Martin Werner, and Franziska Aemisegger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14643–14672, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14643-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14643-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates three numerical simulations performed with an isotope-enabled weather forecast model and investigates the coupling between shallow trade-wind cumulus clouds and atmospheric circulations on different scales. We show that the simulations reproduce key characteristics of shallow trade-wind clouds as observed during the field experiment EUREC4A and that the spatial distribution of stable-water-vapour isotopes is shaped by the overturning circulation associated with these clouds.
Thomas Trickl, Martin Adelwart, Dina Khordakova, Ludwig Ries, Christian Rolf, Michael Sprenger, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, and Hannes Vogelmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5145–5165, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5145-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric ozone have been measured for more than a century. Highly quantitative ozone measurements have been made at monitoring stations. However, deficits have been reported for vertical sounding systems. Here, we report a thorough intercomparison effort between a differential-absorption lidar system and two types of balloon-borne ozone sondes, also using ozone sensors at nearby mountain sites as references. The sondes agree very well with the lidar after offset corrections.
Elena De La Torre Castro, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Armin Afchine, Volker Grewe, Valerian Hahn, Simon Kirschler, Martina Krämer, Johannes Lucke, Nicole Spelten, Heini Wernli, Martin Zöger, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13167–13189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13167-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13167-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we show the differences in the microphysical properties between high-latitude (HL) cirrus and mid-latitude (ML) cirrus over the Arctic, North Atlantic, and central Europe during summer. The in situ measurements are combined with backward trajectories to investigate the influence of the region on cloud formation. We show that HL cirrus are characterized by a lower concentration of larger ice crystals when compared to ML cirrus.
Melanie Lauer, Annette Rinke, Irina Gorodetskaya, Michael Sprenger, Mario Mech, and Susanne Crewell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8705–8726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8705-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8705-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new method to analyse the influence of atmospheric rivers (ARs), cyclones, and fronts on the precipitation in the Arctic, based on two campaigns: ACLOUD (early summer 2017) and AFLUX (early spring 2019). There are differences between both campaign periods: in early summer, the precipitation is mostly related to ARs and fronts, especially when they are co-located, while in early spring, cyclones isolated from ARs and fronts contributed most to the precipitation.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Leonardo Aragão, Lisa Bernini, Stavros Dafis, Benjamin Doiteau, Helena Flocas, Suzanne L. Gray, Alexia Karwat, John Kouroutzoglou, Piero Lionello, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Florian Pantillon, Claudia Pasquero, Platon Patlakas, María Ángeles Picornell, Federico Porcù, Matthew D. K. Priestley, Marco Reale, Malcolm J. Roberts, Hadas Saaroni, Dor Sandler, Enrico Scoccimarro, Michael Sprenger, and Baruch Ziv
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 639–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-639-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-639-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cyclone detection and tracking methods (CDTMs) have different approaches in defining and tracking cyclone centers. This leads to disagreements on extratropical cyclone climatologies. We present a new approach that combines tracks from individual CDTMs to produce new composite tracks. These new tracks are shown to correspond to physically meaningful systems with distinctive life stages.
Mark J. Rodwell and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 591–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-591-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-591-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Midlatitude storms and their downstream impacts have a major impact on society, yet their prediction is especially prone to uncertainty. While this can never be fully eliminated, we find that the initial rate of growth of uncertainty varies for a range of forecast models. Examination of the model of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) suggests ways in which uncertainty growth could be reduced, leading to sharper and more reliable forecasts over the first few days.
Mauro Hermann, Matthias Röthlisberger, Arthur Gessler, Andreas Rigling, Cornelius Senf, Thomas Wohlgemuth, and Heini Wernli
Biogeosciences, 20, 1155–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1155-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1155-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the multi-annual meteorological history of low-forest-greenness events in Europe's temperate and Mediterranean biome in 2002–2022. We systematically identify anomalies in temperature, precipitation, and weather systems as event precursors, with noteworthy differences between the two biomes. We also quantify the impact of the most extensive event in 2022 (37 % coverage), underlining the importance of understanding the forest–meteorology interaction in a changing climate.
Alexander Scherrmann, Heini Wernli, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 157–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-157-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the dynamical origin of the lower-atmospheric potential vorticity (PV; linked to the intensity of cyclones) in Mediterranean cyclones. We quantify the contribution of the cyclone and the environment by tracing PV backward in time and space and linking it to the track of the cyclone. We find that the lower-tropospheric PV is produced shortly before the cyclone's stage of highest intensity. We investigate the driving processes and use a global dataset and a process-resolving one.
Hanna Joos, Michael Sprenger, Hanin Binder, Urs Beyerle, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 133–155, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-133-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-133-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are strongly ascending, cloud- and precipitation-forming airstreams in extratropical cyclones. In this study we assess their representation in a climate simulation and their changes under global warming. They become moister, become more intense, and reach higher altitudes in a future climate, implying that they potentially have an increased impact on the mid-latitude flow.
Andreas Schäfler, Michael Sprenger, Heini Wernli, Andreas Fix, and Martin Wirth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 999–1018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-999-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-999-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, airborne lidar profile measurements of H2O and O3 across a midlatitude jet stream are combined with analyses in tracer–trace space and backward trajectories. We highlight that transport and mixing processes in the history of the observed air masses are governed by interacting tropospheric weather systems on synoptic timescales. We show that these weather systems play a key role in the high variability of the paired H2O and O3 distributions near the tropopause.
Hanin Binder, Hanna Joos, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 19–37, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-19-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-19-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are the main cloud- and precipitation-producing airstreams in extratropical cyclones. The latent heat release that occurs during cloud formation often contributes to the intensification of the associated cyclone. Based on the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble coupled climate simulations, we show that WCBs and associated latent heating will become stronger in a future climate and be even more important for explosive cyclone intensification than in the present.
Michael A. Barnes, Thando Ndarana, Michael Sprenger, and Willem A. Landman
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 1291–1309, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1291-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1291-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Stratospheric air can intrude into the troposphere and is associated with cyclonic development throughout the atmosphere. Through a highly idealized systematic approach, the effect that different intrusion characteristics have on surface cyclogenetic forcing is investigated. The proximity of stratospheric intrusions to the surface is shown to be the main factor in surface cyclogenetic forcing, whilst its width is an additional contributing factor.
Lukas Jansing, Lukas Papritz, Bruno Dürr, Daniel Gerstgrasser, and Michael Sprenger
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 1113–1138, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1113-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1113-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a 5-year climatology of three main foehn types and three deep-foehn subtypes. The main types differ in their large-scale and Alpine-scale weather conditions and the subtypes in terms of the amount and extent of precipitation on the Alpine south side. The different types of foehn are found to strongly affect the local meteorological conditions at Altdorf. The study concludes by setting the new classification into a historic context.
Andries Jan de Vries, Franziska Aemisegger, Stephan Pfahl, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8863–8895, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8863-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8863-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's water cycle contains the common H2O molecule but also the less abundant, heavier HDO. We use their different physical properties to study tropical ice clouds in model simulations of the West African monsoon. Isotope signals reveal different processes through which ice clouds form and decay in deep-convective and widespread cirrus. Previously observed variations in upper-tropospheric vapour isotopes are explained by microphysical processes in convective updraughts and downdraughts.
Philipp Zschenderlein and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 391–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-391-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-391-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation and temperature are two of the most important variables describing our weather and climate. The relationship between these variables has been studied extensively; however, the role of specific weather systems in shaping this relationship has not been analysed yet. We therefore analyse whether intense precipitation occurs on warmer or on colder days and identify the relevant weather systems. In general, weather systems strongly influence this relationship, especially in winter.
Jan Clemens, Felix Ploeger, Paul Konopka, Raphael Portmann, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3841–3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3841-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3841-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Highly polluted air flows from the surface to higher levels of the atmosphere during the Asian summer monsoon. At high levels, the air is trapped within eddies. Here, we study how air masses can leave the eddy within its cutoff, how they distribute, and how their chemical composition changes. We found evidence for transport from the eddy to higher latitudes over the North Pacific and even Alaska. During transport, trace gas concentrations within cutoffs changed gradually, showing steady mixing.
Jörg Wieder, Claudia Mignani, Mario Schär, Lucie Roth, Michael Sprenger, Jan Henneberger, Ulrike Lohmann, Cyril Brunner, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3111–3130, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3111-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3111-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the variation in ice-nucleating particles (INPs) relevant for primary ice formation in mixed-phased clouds over the Alps based on simultaneous in situ observations at a mountaintop and a nearby high valley (1060 m height difference). In most cases, advection from the surrounding lower regions was responsible for changes in INP concentration, causing a diurnal cycle at the mountaintop. Our study underlines the importance of the planetary boundary layer as an INP reserve.
Lukas Bösiger, Michael Sprenger, Maxi Boettcher, Hanna Joos, and Tobias Günther
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1079–1096, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1079-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1079-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Jet streams are coherent air flows that interact with atmospheric structures such as warm conveyor belts (WCBs) and the tropopause. Individually, these structures have a significant impact on the weather evolution. A first step towards a deeper understanding of the meteorological processes is to extract jet stream core lines, for which we develop a novel feature extraction algorithm. Based on the line geometry, we automatically detect and visualize potential interactions between WCBs and jets.
Katharina Hartmuth, Maxi Boettcher, Heini Wernli, and Lukas Papritz
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 89–111, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-89-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-89-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we introduce a novel method to objectively define and identify extreme Arctic seasons based on different surface variables. We find that such seasons are resulting from various combinations of unusual seasonal conditions. The occurrence or absence of different atmospheric processes strongly affects the character of extreme Arctic seasons. Further, changes in sea ice and sea surface temperature can strongly influence the formation of such a season in distinct regions.
Leonie Villiger, Heini Wernli, Maxi Boettcher, Martin Hagen, and Franziska Aemisegger
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 59–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-59-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-59-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The coupling between the large-scale atmospheric circulation and the clouds in the trade-wind region is complex and not yet fully understood. In this study, the formation pathway of two anomalous cloud layers over Barbados during the field campaign EUREC4A is described. The two case studies highlight the influence of remote weather systems on the local environmental conditions in Barbados.
Philipp Zschenderlein and Heini Wernli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-396, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-396, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In early January 2021, Spain was affected by two extreme events – an unusually long cold spell and a heavy snowfall event associated with extratropical cyclone Filomena. In the study, we analyse the synoptic-dynamic development of the two extreme events. Cold air from the north was advected towards Spain and between 07 and 10 January, cyclone Filomena was responsible for major parts of the snowfall event. During this event, temperature and moisture contrasts accross Spain were very high.
Roman Attinger, Elisa Spreitzer, Maxi Boettcher, Heini Wernli, and Hanna Joos
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 1073–1091, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1073-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1073-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Diabatic processes affect the development of extratropical cyclones. This work provides a systematic assessment of the diabatic processes that modify potential vorticity (PV) in model simulations. PV is primarily produced by condensation and convection. Given favorable environmental conditions, long-wave radiative cooling and turbulence become the primary process at the cold and warm fronts, respectively. Turbulence and long-wave radiative heating produce negative PV anomalies at the fronts.
Fabienne Dahinden, Franziska Aemisegger, Heini Wernli, Matthias Schneider, Christopher J. Diekmann, Benjamin Ertl, Peter Knippertz, Martin Werner, and Stephan Pfahl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16319–16347, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16319-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16319-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use high-resolution numerical isotope modelling and Lagrangian backward trajectories to identify moisture transport pathways and governing physical and dynamical processes that affect the free-tropospheric humidity and isotopic variability over the eastern subtropical North Atlantic. Furthermore, we conduct a thorough isotope modelling validation with aircraft and remote-sensing observations of water vapour isotopes.
Philippe Besson, Luise J. Fischer, Sebastian Schemm, and Michael Sprenger
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 991–1009, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-991-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-991-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The strongest cyclone intensification is associated with a strong dry-dynamical forcing. Moreover, strong forcing and strong intensification correspond to a tendency for poleward cyclone propagation, which occurs in distinct regions in the Northern Hemisphere. There is a clear spatial pattern in the occurrence of certain forcing combinations. This implies a fundamental relationship between dry-dynamical processes and the intensification as well as the propagation of extratropical cyclones.
Raphael Portmann, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 507–534, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-507-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-507-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the three-dimensional life cycle of cyclonic structures
(so-called PV cutoffs) near the tropopause. PV cutoffs are frequent weather systems in the extratropics that lead to high-impact weather. However, many unknowns exist regarding their evolution. We present a new method to track PV cutoffs as 3D objects in reanalysis data by following air parcels along the flow. We study the climatological life cycles of PV cutoffs in detail and propose a classification into three types.
Iris Thurnherr, Katharina Hartmuth, Lukas Jansing, Josué Gehring, Maxi Boettcher, Irina Gorodetskaya, Martin Werner, Heini Wernli, and Franziska Aemisegger
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 331–357, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-331-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-331-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Extratropical cyclones are important for the transport of moisture from low to high latitudes. In this study, we investigate how the isotopic composition of water vapour is affected by horizontal temperature advection associated with extratropical cyclones using measurements and modelling. It is shown that air–sea moisture fluxes induced by this horizontal temperature advection lead to the strong variability observed in the isotopic composition of water vapour in the marine boundary layer.
Maxi Boettcher, Andreas Schäfler, Michael Sprenger, Harald Sodemann, Stefan Kaufmann, Christiane Voigt, Hans Schlager, Donato Summa, Paolo Di Girolamo, Daniele Nerini, Urs Germann, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5477–5498, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5477-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5477-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are important airstreams in extratropical cyclones, often leading to the formation of intense precipitation. We present a case study that involves aircraft, lidar and radar observations of water and clouds in a WCB ascending from western Europe across the Alps towards the Baltic Sea during the field campaigns HyMeX and T-NAWDEX-Falcon in October 2012. A probabilistic trajectory measure and an airborne tracer experiment were used to confirm the long pathway of the WCB.
Franziska Aemisegger, Raphaela Vogel, Pascal Graf, Fabienne Dahinden, Leonie Villiger, Friedhelm Jansen, Sandrine Bony, Bjorn Stevens, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 281–309, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-281-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-281-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The interaction of clouds in the trade wind region with the atmospheric flow is complex and at the heart of uncertainties associated with climate projections. In this study, a natural tracer of atmospheric circulation is used to establish a link between air originating from dry regions of the midlatitudes and the occurrence of specific cloud patterns. Two pathways involving transport within midlatitude weather systems are identified, by which air is brought into the trades within 5–10 d.
Melissa L. Breeden, Amy H. Butler, John R. Albers, Michael Sprenger, and Andrew O'Neil Langford
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2781–2794, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2781-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2781-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Prior research has found a maximum in deep stratosphere-to-troposphere mass/ozone transport over the western United States in boreal spring, which can enhance surface ozone concentrations, reducing air quality. We find that the winter-to-summer evolution of the north Pacific jet increases the frequency of stratospheric intrusions that drive transport, helping explain the observed maximum. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation affects the timing of the spring jet transition and therefore transport.
Annika Oertel, Michael Sprenger, Hanna Joos, Maxi Boettcher, Heike Konow, Martin Hagen, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 89–110, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-89-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-89-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Convection embedded in the stratiform cloud band of strongly ascending airstreams in extratropical cyclones (so-called warm conveyor belts) can influence not only surface precipitation but also the
upper-tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) and waveguide. The comparison of intense vs. moderate embedded convection shows that its strength alone is not a reliable measure for upper-tropospheric PV modification. Instead, characteristics of the ambient flow co-determine its dynamical significance.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Matthias Röthlisberger, Maxi Boettcher, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 71–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-71-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-71-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we identify the wettest seasons globally and address their meteorological characteristics. We show that in different regions the wettest seasons occur in different times of the year and result from either unusually high frequencies of wet days and/or daily extremes. These high frequencies can be largely attributed to four specific weather systems, especially cyclones. Our analysis uses a thoroughly explained, novel methodology that could also be applied to climate models.
Sebastian Schemm, Heini Wernli, and Hanin Binder
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 55–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-55-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-55-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
North Pacific cyclone intensities are reduced in winter, which is in contrast to North Atlantic cyclones and unexpected from the high available growth potential in winter. We investigate this intensity suppression from a cyclone life-cycle perspective and show that in winter Kuroshio cyclones propagate away from the region where they can grow more quickly, East China Sea cyclones are not relevant before spring, and Kamchatka cyclones grow in a region of reduced growth potential.
Claudia Mignani, Jörg Wieder, Michael A. Sprenger, Zamin A. Kanji, Jan Henneberger, Christine Alewell, and Franz Conen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 657–664, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-657-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-657-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Most precipitation above land starts with ice in clouds. It is promoted by extremely rare particles. Some ice-nucleating particles (INPs) cause cloud droplets to already freeze above −15°C, a temperature at which many clouds begin to snow. We found that the abundance of such INPs among other particles of similar size is highest in precipitating air masses and lowest when air carries desert dust. This brings us closer to understanding the interactions between land, clouds, and precipitation.
Cited articles
Afanasyev, A., Bianco, M., Mosimann, L., Osuna, C., Thaler, F., Vogt, H., Fuhrer, O., VandeVondele, J., and Schulthess, T. C.: GridTools: A framework for portable weather and climate applications, SoftwareX, 15, 100707, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2021.100707, 2021. a
Allen, T. and Brown, A. R.: Modelling of turbulent form drag in convective conditions, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 118, 421–429, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-005-9002-z, 2006. a, b
Arya, S. P. S., Capuano, M. E., and Fagen, L. C.: Some fluid modeling studies of flow and dispersion over two-dimensional low hills, Atmos. Environ., 21, 753–764, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(87)90071-0, 1987. a
Belcher, S. E. and Hunt, J. C. R.: Turbulent flow over hills and waves, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 30, 507–538, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.30.1.507, 1998. a
Belušić, D., Žagar, M., and Grisogono, B.: Numerical simulation of pulsations in the bora wind, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 1371–1388, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.129, 2007. a, b
Ben-Nun, T., Groner, L., Deconinck, F., Wicky, T., Davis, E., Dahm, J., Elbert, O. D., George, R., McGibbon, J., Trümper, L., Wu, E., Fuhrer, O., Schulthess, T., and Hoefler, T.: Productive performance engineering for weather and climate modeling with Python, in: Proc. Int. Conf. High Perform. Comput. Netw. Storage Anal., SC '22, Dallas, Texas, 13–18 November 2022, IEEE Press, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1109/SC41404.2022.00078, 2022. a
Berg, J., Troldborg, N., Sørensen, N. N., Patton, E. G., and Sullivan, P. P.: Large-eddy simulation of turbine wake in complex terrain, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 854, 012003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/854/1/012003, 2017. a, b, c, d
Berg, J., Troldborg, N., Menke, R., Patton, E. G., Sullivan, P. P., Mann, J., and Sørensen, N. N.: Flow in complex terrain – a large eddy simulation comparison study, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1037, 072015, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1037/7/072015, 2018. a, b, c, d
Cuxart, J.: When can a high-resolution simulation over complex terrain be called LES?, Front. Earth Sci., 3, 125–130, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2015.00087, 2015. a
Dahm, J., Davis, E., Deconinck, F., Elbert, O., George, R., McGibbon, J., Wicky, T., Wu, E., Kung, C., Ben-Nun, T., Harris, L., Groner, L., and Fuhrer, O.: Pace v0.2: a Python-based performance-portable atmospheric model, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2719–2736, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2719-2023, 2023. a
Deardorff, J. W.: Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional model, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 18, 495–527, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119502, 1980. a
Dörnbrack, A. and Schumann, U.: Numerical simulation of turbulent convective flow over wavy terrain, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 65, 323–355, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00707032, 1993. a, b
Durran, D. R.: Mountain waves and downslope winds, in: Atmospheric processes over complex terrain, edited by: Banta, R. M., Berri, G., Blumen, W., Carruthers, D. J., Dalu, G. A., Durran, D. R., Egger, J., Garratt, J. R., Hanna, S. R., Hunt, J. C. R., Meroney, R. N., Miller, W., Neff, W. D., Nicolini, M., Paegle, J., Pielke, R. A., Smith, R. B., Strimaitis, D. G., Vukicevic, T., Whiteman, C. D., and Blumen, W., Meteorological Monographs, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, ISBN 978-1-935704-25-6, 59–81, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-25-6_4, 1990. a
Egloff, L.: The Laseyer rotor – dynamics & climatology, Master's thesis, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000630208, 2009. a
Epifanio, C. C.: A method for imposing surface stress and heat flux conditions in finite-difference models with steep terrain, Mon. Weather Rev., 135, 906–917, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3297.1, 2007. a
European Environment Agency: Copernicus Land Monitoring Service – Corine Land Cover (CLC) 2018, European Environment Agency, https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover/clc2018 (last access: 15 April 2025), 2023. a
Fink, A. H., Brücher, T., Ermert, V., Krüger, A., and Pinto, J. G.: The European storm Kyrill in January 2007: synoptic evolution, meteorological impacts and some considerations with respect to climate change, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 405–423, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-405-2009, 2009. a
Finnigan, J. J. and Belcher, S. E.: Flow over a hill covered with a plant canopy, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 1–29, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.02.177, 2004. a
Gill, A. E.: Atmosphere-ocean dynamics, no. 30 in International Geophysics Series, Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA, ISBN 978-0-12-283520-9, 1982. a
Grubišić, V., Doyle, J. D., Kuettner, J., Mobbs, S., Smith, R. B., Whiteman, C. D., Dirks, R., Czyzyk, S., Cohn, S. A., Vosper, S., Weissmann, M., Haimov, S., De Wekker, S. F. J., Pan, L. L., and Chow, F. K.: The terrain-induced rotor experiment: A field campaign overview including observational highlights, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 89, 1513–1534, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2487.1, 2008. a
Högström, U., Hunt, J. C. R., and Smedman, A.-S.: Theory and measurements for turbulence spectra and variances in the atmospheric neutral surface layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 103, 101–124, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014579828712, 2002. a
Hunt, J. C. R., Abell, C. J., Peterka, J. A., and Woo, H.: Kinematical studies of the flows around free or surface-mounted obstacles; applying topology to flow visualization, J. Fluid Mech., 86, 179–200, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112078001068, 1978. a, b
Jackson, P. L., Mayr, G., and Vosper, S.: Dynamically-driven winds, in: Mountain weather research and forecasting: Recent progress and current challenges, edited by: Chow, F. K., De Wekker, S. F., and Snyder, B. J., Springer Atmospheric Sciences, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, ISBN 978-94-007-4098-3, 121–218, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4098-3_3, 2013. a, b
Kim, J.-J., Baik, J.-J., and Chun, H.-Y.: Two-dimensional numerical modeling of flow and dispersion in the presence of hill and buildings, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 89, 947–966, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(01)00092-7, 2001. a
Klemp, J. B.: A terrain-following coordinate with smoothed coordinate surfaces, Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 2163–2169, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-10-05046.1, 2011. a, b, c
Klemp, J. B., Skamarock, W. C., and Fuhrer, O.: Numerical consistency of metric terms in terrain-following coordinates, Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 1229–1239, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1229:NCOMTI>2.0.CO;2, 2003. a
Kühnlein, C., Smolarkiewicz, P. K., and Dörnbrack, A.: Modelling atmospheric flows with adaptive moving meshes, J. Comput. Phys., 231, 2741–2763, 2012. a
Kühnlein, C., Dörnbrack, A., and Weissmann, M.: High-resolution doppler lidar observations of transient downslope flows and rotors, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 3257–3272, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00260.1, 2013. a, b
Kühnlein, C., Deconinck, W., Klein, R., Malardel, S., Piotrowski, Z. P., Smolarkiewicz, P. K., Szmelter, J., and Wedi, N. P.: FVM 1.0: a nonhydrostatic finite-volume dynamical core for the IFS, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 651–676, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-651-2019, 2019. a
Lehner, M., Whiteman, C. D., Hoch, S. W., Adler, B., and Kalthoff, N.: Flow separation in the lee of a crater rim, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 173, 263–287, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-019-00466-z, 2019. a, b
Lewis, H. W., Mobbs, S. D., and Lehning, M.: Observations of cross-ridge flows across steep terrain, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 801–816, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.259, 2008a. a
Lewis, H. W., Mobbs, S. D., Vosper, S. B., and Brown, A. R.: The effect of surface heating on hill-induced flow separation, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 129, 269–287, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-008-9311-0, 2008b. a
Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Muñoz-Esparza, D., Hu, F., Yan, C., and Miao, S.: Simulation of flow fields in complex terrain with WRF-LES: Sensitivity assessment of different PBL treatments, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 59, 1481–1501, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-19-0304.1, 2020. a
Ma, Y. and Liu, H.: Large-eddy simulations of atmospheric flows over complex terrain using the immersed-boundary method in the Weather Research and Forecasting model, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 165, 421–445, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-017-0283-9, 2017. a
Mason, P. J.: Diurnal variations in flow over a succession of ridges and valleys, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 1117–1140, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711347804, 1987. a
Menke, R., Vasiljević, N., Mann, J., and Lundquist, J. K.: Characterization of flow recirculation zones at the Perdigão site using multi-lidar measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2713–2723, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2713-2019, 2019. a, b, c
Muñoz-Esparza, D., Kosović, B., van Beeck, J., and Mirocha, J.: A stochastic perturbation method to generate inflow turbulence in large-eddy simulation models: Application to neutrally stratified atmospheric boundary layers, Phys. Fluids, 27, 035102, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4913572, 2015. a, b, c, d
Peltier, W. R. and Scinocca, J. F.: The origin of severe downslope windstorm pulsations, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2853–2870, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<2853:TOOSDW>2.0.CO;2, 1990. a, b
Percival, D. B. and Walden, A. T.: Spectral analysis for physical applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 978-0-521-35532-2, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511622762, 1993. a
Pineda, N., Jorba, O., Jorge, J., and Baldasano, J. M.: Using NOAA AVHRR and SPOT VGT data to estimate surface parameters: Application to a mesoscale meteorological model, Int. J. Remote Sens., 25, 129–143, https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116031000115201, 2004. a
Prestel, I. and Wirth, V.: What flow conditions are conducive to banner cloud formation?, J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 2385–2402, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0319.1, 2016. a, b
Schmidli, J., Böing, S., and Fuhrer, O.: Accuracy of simulated diurnal valley winds in the Swiss Alps: Influence of grid resolution, topography filtering, and land surface datasets, Atmosphere, 9, 196, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9050196, 2018. a, b, c
Scorer, R. S.: Theory of airflow over mountains: IV-Separation of flow from the surface, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 340–350, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49708134905, 1955. a, b, c, d
Shapiro, R.: Linear filtering, Math. Comput., 29, 1094–1097, https://doi.org/10.1090/S0025-5718-1975-0389356-X, 1975. a, b
Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and Grabowski, W. W.: The multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm: Nonoscillatory option, J. Comput. Phys., 86, 355–375, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(90)90105-A, 1990. a
Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and Margolin, L. G.: Variational solver for elliptic problems in atmospheric flows, Int. J. Appl. Math. Comp., 4, 527–551, 1994. a
Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and Margolin, L. G.: MPDATA: A finite-difference solver for geophysical flows, J. Comput. Phys., 140, 459–480, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1998.5901, 1998. a
Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and Prusa, J. M.: Towards mesh adaptivity for geophysical turbulence: continuous mapping approach, Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 47, 789–801, 2005. a
Smolarkiewicz, P. K., Sharman, R., Weil, J., Perry, S. G., Heist, D., and Bowker, G.: Building resolving large-eddy simulations and comparison with wind tunnel experiments, J. Comput. Phys., 227, 633–653, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2007.08.005, 2007. a, b
Smolarkiewicz, P. K., Kühnlein, C., and Wedi, N. P.: A consistent framework for discrete integrations of soundproof and compressible PDEs of atmospheric dynamics, J. Comput. Phys., 263, 185–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2014.01.031, 2014. a, b
Smolarkiewicz, P. K., Deconinck, W., Hamrud, M., Kühnlein, C., Mozdzynski, G., Szmelter, J., and Wedi, N. P.: A finite-volume module for simulating global all-scale atmospheric flows, J. Comput. Phys., 314, 287–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2016.03.015, 2016. a
Sogachev, A., Rannik, Ü., and Vesala, T.: Flux footprints over complex terrain covered by heterogeneous forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 127, 143–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.07.010, 2004. a
Sprenger, M., Mahlstein, I., Caratsch, A., and Müller, M.: A warning system for the Laseyer windstorm in a narrow and deep valley of northeastern Switzerland, Weather Forecast., 39, 1487–1502, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-23-0223.1, 2024. a
Stevens, B., Moeng, C.-H., and Sullivan, P. P.: Large-eddy simulations of radiatively driven convection: Sensitivities to the representation of small scales, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3963–3984, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<3963:LESORD>2.0.CO;2, 1999. a
Strauss, L., Serafin, S., Haimov, S., and Grubišić, V.: Turbulence in breaking mountain waves and atmospheric rotors estimated from airborne in situ and Doppler radar measurements, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 3207–3225, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2604, 2015. a
Strauss, L., Serafin, S., and Grubišić, V.: Atmospheric rotors and severe turbulence in a long deep valley, J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 1481–1506, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0192.1, 2016. a
Stull, R. B.: An introduction to boundary layer meteorology, 1st edn., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, ISBN 978-94-009-3027-8, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3027-8, 1988. a, b
Tollinger, M., Gohm, A., and Jonassen, M. O.: Unravelling the March 1972 northwest Greenland windstorm with high-resolution numerical simulations, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145, 3409–3431, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3627, 2019. a, b
Tsoar, H.: Wind tunnel modeling of echo and climbing dunes, in: Developments in sedimentology, edited by: Brookfield, M. E. and Ahlbrandt, T. S., vol. 38 of Eolian Sediments and Processes, Elsevier, 247–259, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0070-4571(08)70798-2, 1983. a
Tsoar, H. and Blumberg, D.: The effect of sea cliffs on inland encroachment of aeolian sand, in: Aeolian Grain Transp, edited by: Barndorff-Nielsen, O. E. and Willetts, B. B., Acta Mechanica Supplementum, Springer, Vienna, ISBN 978-3-7091-6703-8, 131–146, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6703-8_10, 1991. a
Ubbiali, S., Kühnlein, C., Schär, C., Schlemmer, L., Schulthess, T. C., Staneker, M., and Wernli, H.: Exploring a high-level programming model for the NWP domain using ECMWF microphysics schemes, Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 529–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-529-2025, 2025. a
Waruszewski, M., Kühnlein, C., Pawlowska, H., and Smolarkiewicz, P. K.: MPDATA: Third-order accuracy for variable flows, J. Comput. Phys., 359, 361–379, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2018.01.005, 2018. a
Welch, P.: The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms, IEEE T. Acoust. Speech, 15, 70–73, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAU.1967.1161901, 1967. a
Whiteman, C. D.: Terrain-forced flows, in: Mountain meteorology: Fundamentals and applications, edited by: Whiteman, C. D., Oxford University Press, online edition, ISBN 978-0-19-513271-7, 141–169, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195132717.003.0018, 2000. a, b, c
Wood, N.: The onset of separation in neutral, turbulent flow over hills, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 76, 137–164, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00710894, 1995. a, b
Wyngaard, J. C.: Turbulence in the atmosphere, 1st edn., Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-88769-4, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840524, 2010. a, b
Short summary
This study investigates the Laseyer, a local windstorm in a narrow Swiss valley characterized by strong southeasterly winds during northwesterly ambient flow. Using large-eddy simulations (LESs) with 30 m grid spacing, this is the first study to reveal that the extreme gusts in the valley are caused by an amplifying interplay of two recirculation regions. Modifying terrain and ambient wind conditions affects the windstorm's intensity and highlights the importance of topographic details in LES.
This study investigates the Laseyer, a local windstorm in a narrow Swiss valley characterized by...
